Bleaching powder dosing for disinfection in waste water treatment plant

Bleaching powder dosing for disinfection in waste water treatment plant

Sources of Informations given below
Manual  http://cpheeo.gov.in/upload/uploadfiles/files/Chapter%206-9.pdf

1. https://www.epa.ie/pubs/advice/drinkingwater/Disinfection2_web.pdf
2.http://jeb.co.in/journal_issues/200710_oct07/paper_04.pdf

 The pilot scale disinfection units located at two different UASBR based STPs have been selected for this study. One of these pilot plants has been constructed after 27 MLD UASBR based STP, Noida (Uttar Pradesh, India) and is based on chlorination using calcium hypochlorite (either slurry form or liquid high test hypochlorite, HTH) with a capacity of 2 million liter per day (MLD). The other 1 MLD DHS-biotower pilot plant, developed by Prof. H. Harada (Machdar et al., 1997), is based on fixed film aerobic process and has been constructed after 40 MLD UASBR based STP, Karnal (Haryana, India). These STPs, based on UASBR technology, consists of preliminary treatment (Screen and Grit Chamber), UASBR and final polishing pond (Fig. 1). A schematic diagram of the pilot plants at Noida and Karnal is presented in Fig. 2 and 3 respectively. The chlorination unit of 2 MLD consists of a sump, mixing unit and baffled contact chamber (3m x 7m) and a specific dose of chlorine was mixed with a separate pipe. The 1 MLD DHS-biotower based on fixed film aerobic process consists of a sump and reactor having plastic rectangular sheets onto which triangular prism polyurethane foams were tiled. Raw sewage after UASBR treatment was supplied to the chlorination unit and DHS-biotower
In case of chlorination unit, initially the bleaching powder was used as a disinfectant from day 1 to day 48 and later on it was found that there was no residual chlorine in the bleaching powder, so the bleaching powder was replaced with calcium hypochlorite as disinfectant after 48th day. The dose of disinfectant was 5 mgl-1 from day 1 to day 16 and was increased to 20 mgl-1 from day 20. The contact time for the reaction between wastewater and disinfectant was 30 min throughout the study.
 Results and Discussion Reduction of fecal coliform: To achieve good disinfection, the contact time and dose are extremely important. A longer contact time is required for complete disinfection to occur. As per Lindsay (2004), a contact time of 30 minutes is a minimum, and if the dose remains constant, the contact time may necessitated to be increased at low temperatures or higher pH to obtain the same level of disinfection. Typical chlorine doses for municipal wastewater disinfection are about 5-20 mgl-1 with a contact time of 30 to 60 min (Lazarova et al., 1999). During this study, 5 and 20 mgl-1 of disinfectant doses for a fixed contact time of 30 min was applied. It was observed that a dose of 20 mgl-1 was very effective for the reduction in indicator microorganism (fecal coliforms). Initially when a dose of 5 mgl-1 was used, the reduction in fecal coliforms count was less than 90%. It may be attributed to the fact that the minimum dose required for the killing of microorganism was not sufficient as there was high chlorine demand due to the presence of high concentration of organic matter and suspended solids in the UASBR effluent. The average fecal coliforms count was reduced from 3.58 x 105 (± 1.02 x 105 ) MPN/ 100ml to nil at a dose of 20 mgl-1 and 30 min contact time (Fig. 4a). Thus the results shows that almost 100% removal of fecal coliforms has been observed after chlorination; however at certain days i.e., from day 7 to day 14 and from day 44 to day 53 (Fig. 4a), the number of fecal coliforms present in the wastewater effluent after disinfection was increased. It could be explained on the basis of type of chemical used for the chlorination. During this period, bleaching powder was used. Later on it was found that the chemical used at the plant does not have any residual chlorine. Chlorination was switched to the fortified brand of the calcium hypochlorite, high test hypochlorite (HTH). It indicated that chlorination was very effective in the removal of fecal coliforms if the regular operation and maintenance (O and M) is ensured.

Decision Fatigue Is Destroying Your Focus, Motivation and Drive

Source of the article : https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/340755

Ben Angel

VIP CONTRIBUTOR

Author, Biohacker & Peak Performance Expert

Have you ever gotten to the end of a long day in the office only to collapse the moment you walk in the door as if you'd just run a marathon? Or do you find yourself struggling to string together more than a few words, let alone a coherent sentence and you have no idea why? Then you may be suffering from what is known as decision fatigue, a term coined by social psychologist Roy F. Baumeister and loosely based on a Freudian concept that decision-making involves an expenditure of “self” or “ego” energy, of which there is a limited cumulative supply. In this article, we’ll explore how your everyday choices impact your mental cognition and what you can do to beat decision fatigue.

What is decision fatigue?

Every day we make thousands upon thousands of decisions, most of which we are entirely unaware of. And while only a handful of these are what most would consider significant, it's the cumulative effect that contributes to irrational thoughts and actions associated with decision fatigue.

In a study done by the National Academy of Science, scientists demonstrated the impact of decision fatigue. Researchers Jonathan Levav of Stanford and Shai Danziger of Ben-Gurion University analyzed more than 1,100 decisions from a parole board in an Israeli prison over a one-year period. They discovered that prisoners who appeared early in the morning received parole approximately 70 percent of the time. Those who appeared later in the day received probation less than 10 percent of the time.

These researchers found that the judge's decisions exhibited no ill-intent towards the prisoners. The likelihood of receiving parole later in the day was purely linked to the countless decisions they had to make. This research demonstrates that there is a finite amount of mental energy for applying self-control, and it wanes as the day carries on and more decisions are made.

As the above study demonstrates, the brain has the capacity to consume a tremendous amount of energy. But regardless of how stable and rational we might be, no one can maintain high levels of focus and output without paying a biological price. The reason we experience decision fatigue is due to the brain's built-in safety system, known as self-preservation mode.

The brain is hard-wired to ensure survival at all costs, and while it has evolved significantly since our Neanderthal ancestors roamed the earth, there are several primal triggers in this modern day and age. This means the more decisions you make, the harder each consecutive decision becomes, resulting in the brain seeking a shortcut in one of two different ways.

As our decision-making and extended focus continue, the brain monitors the body's energy output closely. When the body's fuel source become significantly depleted, the brain begins to shut down what it considers non-essential services, which unfortunately includes the prefrontal cortex, the area of the brain responsible for complex decision-making. This tribal response from the brain is one explanation as to why ordinary, sensible people lash out, make irrational decisions, buy junk food, make excuses and ultimately quit before they experience a breakthrough. This mental state can become further compromised by stress, nutritional deficiencies and other environmental factors that can mimic psychological disorders, such as anxiety, fatigue and depression. And here you might have thought a poor attitude was keeping you from achieving your goals. Fortunately, there are a few ways to combat and counteract the onset of decision fatigue.

1. Using ketone to counteract decision fatigue's effects. 

While the easy answer to avoid decision fatigue would be to stop making so many decisions, this isn't an option for most people. Instead, we need to provide more energy to fuel the powerhouse that is the human brain. But don’t think you can just make yourself another strong coffee or down a Red Bull; we need to understand the sort of energy our brain requires to function at its optimal state. 

Ketones are produced by the liver as a result of the body burning fat as a fuel source instead of glucose. These ketones are shown to be the preferred source of fuel for the brain due to greater energy efficiency, faster metabolization and a higher level of cellular energy per unit of oxygen consumed compared to glucose. There are several ways that you can encourage the production of ketones in the body, including:

• A reduced carbohydrate diet, increasing the consumption of healthy fats.
• Introduce MCTs to your diet and include intermittent fasting.
• Buy pure ketone esters like the one from HVMN that I tested while on my 90-day mission to become unstoppable. 

2. Daily Journaling: Limit your number of decisions.

As neurologist and teacher Judy Willis explains, “The practice of writing can enhance the brain’s intake, processing, retaining and retrieving of information. It promotes the brain’s attentive focus, boosts long-term memory, illuminates patterns, gives the brain time for reflection, and when well-guided, is a source of conceptual development and stimulus of the brain’s highest cognition.” Here are some specific suggestions for getting started:

• Before you go to bed, map out the day ahead in your journal to keep priorities well focused, as well as alleviate any restless sleep due to lack of planning. 
• Focus on three main projects per day, so you don’t have information overload and can make well thought-out action plans and complete big projects that will move the needle.
• Keep track of your progress and recognize small daily wins to boost motivation.
• Visualize each day unfolding so you can prime your mind for success. This tricks the subconscious into thinking you’ve been there and done it before, hence you have nothing to worry about and you can enter a state of flow.

Related: 6 Key Steps in Decision-Making for Aspiring Entrepreneurs

3. Manage your energy levels by asking daily questions.

Daily check-ins empower us to gain self-awareness to improve and become better. By asking yourself some simple questions, you can uncover how your biology and psychology may be holding you back from success and impacting your mental cognition. By delving into all aspects of your health, wellbeing and performance, you'll be able to better overcome factors that can decrease drive and performance. Some questions might include....

• Do you have daily occurrences of gastrointestinal issues that are impacting your health, wellbeing and performance? The gut-brain connection is well-reported. If we want peak mental health, we must make sure our digestive health is optimal. We all know how foggy we can feel the next day after a late-night, high-carb meal. 
• Are you experiencing nutritional deficiencies? Testing for these deficiencies, which can mimic psychological disorders, may be a game-changer in recognizing what may be robbing you of your energy, drive and focus.
• Have you been enduring prolonged chronic stress? Stress can cause inflammation within the body, and possible symptoms may include, headaches, fatigue and even depression. Daily visualization and meditation can help to manage this and can increase activity in your prefrontal cortex. Exercise your brain just as you would your body at the gym.

Taking these necessary steps can guarantee you’re putting your focus and energies toward building a strong foundation for success. It’s time to work in tandem with your biological needs to fuel peak psychological demands all entrepreneurs face on their mission to becoming unstoppable. 

Are you ready to become unstoppable?

Visit www.areyouunstoppable.com and take your FREE 60-second online quiz now. By answering a series of simple questions, my software will analyze your results and provide you with a comprehensive report that will indicate your identity type and lead you to the tools and tips you need to close that gap between who you are and who you could be. Take the quiz to get started!

HOW TO SAVE YOUR MARRIAGE

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HOW TO SAVE YOUR MARRIAGE---FOUR SIMPLE TIPS

TIP ONE : DAILY TALK WITH EACH OTHER ATLEAST FOR 10-15 MINUTES. It is VERY IMPORTANT TO BE ALONE TOGETHER AWAY FROM ALL OTHERS INCLUDING CHILDREN.YOU CAN TAKE TEA TOGETHER WHILE TALKING .
TIP TWO: LOOK AT HIS/HER PLUS POINTS. WE ALL HAVE NEGATIVE POINTS. DONT TALK ABOUT NEGATIVE POINTS.
TIP THREE: DONT FIGHT, FIRST COOL OFF. THAN TALK AND TRY TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM. THERE IS NO EGO BETWEEN HUSBAND AND WIFE. SO IF YOU ARE WRONG, IMMEDIATELY ASK FORGIVENESS.
TIP FOUR: GIVE A HUG TO HER. SHE NEEDS YOUR LOVE AND CARE. GIVE HER A BODY MASSAGE.

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Prophet Muhammad(PBUH) said
“This world is a prison for the believers and paradise for the disbelievers “

My Dear Brothers/ Sisters, a happy forever comes only in Walt Disney Movies. Our life ain’t a movie , it’s called reality and reality is very different .

Life comprises of ups and downs . Marriages is about holding on together even during tough times. A financial or emotional trouble shouldn’t rip you guys apart. Shaitan is waiting to strike at the right moment, but you shouldn’t budge.

Know that spouses should aim for the ultimate victory- jannah and help each other become better Muslims everyday and stand successful on the day of judgement in shaa allah.

ALWAYS REMEMBER WHO IS OUR MAIN ENEMY, ITS SHAITAN.

Shaitan wants to separate couples by creating dispute. Both husband and wife will be attracted to do haraam things on the whisperings of the shaitan. Because halal never interests shaitan ,so now he tries to break and rip you guys apart... He will be most pleased when a husband and wife fights and finally are separated.If you have done such mistakes repent , Allah (SWT) is most forgiving and may he guide you and put barakah in your wedding.Know that shaytan will pass waswas(whispers) and he will try to make a mountain out of a molehill for no reason.

STEP ONE: TALK TO EACH OTHER. One of the Biggest qualities, that makes us human is our tolerance. If we can’t tolerate , then we are no different than animals.  That’s what the prophet (SAW) advised us to not get angry . Even during a instance when the young man approached the prophet (SAW) for advise, the only advise he was given was not to get angry. Don’t take permanent decisions based on temporary feelings. If there is something that’s bothering you sit and discuss it with your spouse in shaa allah. Know that communication is the key to marriage. Concealing and building resentments over time which might lead to divorce at one point is the worst thing that you can do to your relationship.

STEP TWO: TAKE HELP OF FAMILY MEMBERS TO SORT OUT THINGS

STEP THREE: GO TO A DOCTOR FOR COUNSELLING.

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One thing about Shaitan that every Muslim must know is that, he is very patient and very clever. He conquers you at the time when you are most feeble. When he sees a boy and a girl who are not halal for each other, alone and together, he becomes the third person who is present in the room . That’s what the Prophet (ﷺ) said, "Whenever a man is alone with a woman the Devil makes a third."

The devil tries to provoke their desires and tries to make them feel that the other one present with them is the most handsome or the most beautiful. He tries to bring you both together and he works hard to ensure that you commit one of the Major Sins in Islam that is Zina . He desires to make you disobedient to Allah (SWT).

Everything about the other person who is a non mahram and not halal for you, will look so beautiful before marriage because shaitan is there beautifying it for you.

What they get married and become halal for each other, shaitan is not interested in you guys anymore, because halal never interests shaitan ,so now he tries to break and rip you guys apart.

That is why we have many sisters/brothers complaining that “This is not the person that I used to know before marriage”. I say yes, all their ugly qualities are beautified by shaitan before marriage . Now that he is no longer in the equation, ugly things look as they are.

Fights and disputes start coming into marriage .This is because the foundation to the building called “marriage” was not done based on the shariah but rather on cheap desires created by the shaitan.
If you have done such mistakes repent , Allah (SWT) is most forgiving and may he guide you and put barakah in your wedding.

One of the Biggest qualities, that makes us human is our tolerance. If we can’t tolerate , then we are no different than animals. When tolerance is not there, then divorce can be even as a result of a fight where the husband might have instructed the wife to cook a certain dish. Shaitan tried to provoke you and hells breaks loose, a world war starts, the end of which will be divorce. Know that shaytan will pass waswas(whispers) and he will try to make a mountain out of a molehill for no reason.

This is how silly some divorces can be and how shaitan wants to separate couples. He will be most pleased when a husband and wife are separated. If couples had a little bit tolerance and understanding towards each other, many divorces won’t take place . If they just take a moment , to think and comprehend for themselves, if the act commited was so severe that the penalty and it’s justice lies only in divorce? We will understand that sometimes, it was just shaitan and it wasn’t even worth a quarrel at the first place.

That’s what the prophet (SAW) advised us to not get angry . Even during a instance when the young man approached the prophet (SAW) for advise, the only advise he was given was not to get angry. Don’t take permanent decisions based on temporary feelings. If there is something that’s bothering you sit and discuss it with your spouse in shaa allah. Know that communication is the key to marriage. Concealing and building resentments over time which might lead to divorce at one point is the worst thing that you can do to your relationship.

Many Couples who I counsel to are in a rush. Some of them, neither they let us know the reason for divorce nor ask us if it’s reasonable to part ways. They just want me to tell them to carry on with the divorce proceedings and they think things will turn better after that in shaa allah and they will have a happy life.

Well, think again, that’s not going to happen for many of them. There’s an ugly side to it and this becomes clear only after divorce. Some of them, they have children and they now get the status of a divorcee. The chances and hopes that a divorcee gets married is very much less nowadays, as compared to a man/ women who has not yet been married.

My Dear Brothers/ Sisters, a happy forever comes only in Walt Disney Movies. Our life ain’t a movie , it’s called reality and reality is very different .

Life comprises of ups and downs . Marriages is about holding on together even during tough times. A financial or emotional trouble shouldn’t rip you guys apart. Shaitan is waiting to strike at the right moment, but you shouldn’t budge.

Know that spouses should aim for the ultimate victory- jannah and help each other become better Muslims everyday and stand successful on the day of judgement in shaa allah.

I humbly request you to think twice before you make a choice, as decisions made in rush usually results in regret. Know that ur child can suffer the most in a divorce. The reason is, you brought the cruel world out there, inside your home in which is their living. It leads them to depression and affects them psychologically at a very young age. Home is a place where love is like air, if you turn it otherwise it makes ur kid’s life miserable and leaves them in a sense of insecurity for the rest of their life.

I am not saying , that you should stay in oppressive marriages. If you are going through physical abuse every single day or anything of the sort that’s unbearable, then in shaa allah , let someone who can help you , know about it . It can an a family member of the husband/ wife as the case maybe , your family members to sort it out . But if situation is not improving and you are getting psychically , then it’s better that you , that you divorce the person rather than staying in that abusive environment . Maybe Allah (SWT) wanted to direct you to a better spouse . Allah knows best . It’s important you keep your tawakkal (Trust) in him and move on for the better of your life .

I pray that Allah (SWT) guides you and grants you happiness. If you do have any queries or need counseling you may inbox me.

May Allah (SWT) grant happiness in our lives and in our homes and may he help our spouses be a source of comfort at all times and especially in times of need. May Allah(SWT) make our marriage a blessing for us and not a trial for us. This is a dua that , I urge everyone to make in their prayer

“Make my spouse and my children a blessing and not a trail “ .

Ameen

Share the post . May Allah (SWT) reward you and your family .

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