Potash and Sand filter for water treatment

Source:http://www.livestrong.com/article/71333-use-potassium-permanganate-water-treatment/

The potassium permanganate dose needed for oxidation is 0.94mg per milligram of iron and 1.92mg per milligram of manganese. Rates of oxidation will depend on the pH. Iron oxidation can occur within 10 minutes if the pH is 7.2 or more, but can require an hour if the pH is 6.9, according to the University of Iowa. Manganese oxidation will be slower. It requires less than one hour only at a pH of 9.5 or above. You may need a detention tank to give adequate time for iron and manganese to oxidize. If you are treating taste and odor, use doses of potassium permanganate ranging from 0.25 to 20mg per liter according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Source::http://www.cwejournal.org/vol7no1/reverse-osmosis-pretreatment-removal-of-iron-in-groundwater-desalination-plant-in-shupramant-giza-a-case-study/

iron was removed in groundwater before passing through reverse osmosis membranes as pretreatment technique to avoid membrane fouling. Different pretreatment techniques are done to remove iron and save the membrane.

Many processes affecting the iron removal from the groundwater are applied in this case study. From the performance comparison between conventional and specific pre-treatment methods, we concluded that, every applied method has advantages and disadvantages in application. The most suitable pretreatment  technique for iron removal (concentration less than 5 mg/l) is a granular activated carbon (GAC) filter which has higher adsorption capacity and leads to low
operating cost.

The depth of the GAC media is estimated based on the average contact time in this media, which is recommended to be 10 to 12 min. For example, if a filter is designed for a surface loading rate of 4 m3/m2 h, the depth of the GAC media should be at least 0.66 m (4 m3/m2 h ×10 min/60 min per h=0.66 m to 4 m3/m2 h ×12 min/60 min per h=0.8 m, i.e., 0.66 0.8 m)15. For the following reasons28, we used the granular activated carbon in the adsorption of ferrous.

Potassium Permanganate and Depth Filtration

Conventional treatment for iron removal from groundwater consists of oxidation and depth filtration. Oxygen or stronger oxidants, such as potassium permanganate (KMnO4), are generally used for Fe 2+oxidation. The solid products of oxidation (FeOOH.H2O) are then filtered through a granular bed, commonly green sand19. The potassium permanganate dose applied must be carefully controlled to minimize any excess passing into supply which could give a pink color to the water. Potassium permanganate oxidation tends to form a colloidal precipitates which may not be well retained by the filters.

Detailed description of water treatment

http://slideplayer.com/slide/5014325/

sand-anthracite filter for iron removal

A sand-anthracite filter or dual media filter/multi-media filter is primarily used for the removal of turbidity and suspended solids as low as 10-20 microns. Inside a sand-anthracite filter is a layered bed of filter media. The bed is graded from bottom to top as follows:

1st layer	=	gravel support bed
2nd layer	=	2mm filter sand
3rd layer	=	fine filter sand
4th layer	=	anthracite

 Anthracite has a high affinity for iron, especially when it is coated with potassium permanganate, and is therefore often employed for iron and manganese removal.

Instagram, Manal Shaikh,love empowering women, If it is your passion, go for it, Get That Life

Source: http://www.cosmopolitan.in/life/how-to/a6139/get-that-life-manal-shaikh/

Get That Life: How I Became a Social Media Strategist and Gained 15.6 Million Followers

"I love empowering women"

Manal Shaikh, 23, is a Toronto based Social Media Stragiest who turned her obsession for makeup into a successful business. Manal has an insanely impressive following of 15.2 million people amongst her three Instagram accounts: @wakeupandmakeup (9.8mil), @naildecor (1.9mil) and @naildecorvideos (3.9mil). She has also recently launched her own beauty line called 'Eyeris Beauty' and continues to grow her empire. Her secret? She is all about empowering women.​

Growing up, I always had a passion for painting. Whether it was on a canvas or my nails, I loved being creative. I grew up in Toronto with my parents and younger sister and had a sensitive childhood. My younger sister was diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy, which is a loss of motor function.  While all my friends went out, I stayed home and helped babysit my sister because both of my parents worked full time. That may sound negative to some, but staying at home and taking care of my sister was a huge blessing in disguise.

I would often take pictures of my nail 'artwork' and as I was babysitting my sister one day, I decided to start my very own 'nail art' Instagram page. That is how @naildecor was born. I would post a lot of my own nail art and it started to grow rapidly when other nail feature accounts would repost my work. I gained a lot of followers through their pages and watching my likes, comments and followers pour in motivated me to start another Instagram account about my other love: Makeup! 

At the end of 2012, I decided to launch @wakeupandmakeup which would feature work from all different artists, dedicated to people who loved makeup as much as I do. I have over 9.8 million (and counting) followers who religiously follow @wakeupandmakeup. It has become a community where I can support makeup artists and help them grow, but it is also a place for ordinary followers to come for inspiration and makeup ideas.  

I never envisioned my hobbies turning into my full time job but I live by the word 'maktub', which is an Arabic word that means 'it is written'. If I'm ever enduring a loss, or being blessed with a great opportunity. it is already know to the One. It is destiny. Things were meant to be this way. When I had come to the realization that my sister had a disability which was chronic, I used to often ponder why and how things turned out that way they did. I read a book called "The Alchemist" by Paulo Coelho 7 years ago and that specific word has been carried with me since. 

I live by the word 'maktub', which is an Arabic word that means 'it is written

I get asked all the time 'how can I do what you do?' And the answer is so simple: Follow your passion and what your heart desires. You are never too young or too old to step into the cosmetic industry. If it is your passion, go for it and don't let anyone hold you back. 

I also love empowering women. ​With every look that I repost of women wearing makeup, I reinforce the idea of women empowerment. Women are able to do as they feel, whether they enjoy wearing heavy or subtle looks. It's all about being confident in the way makeup makes you feel. Self confidence is a huge part of the reason why people in general avoid opportunities and if covering those dark circles under your eyes and correcting those acne scars makes you feel better about yourself, then do it. Makeup isn't something that is necessarily applied to attract others, but rather it is a way of expressing yourself. Also, the fact that wearing makeup has given women the opportunity to actually create a sustainable and financially stable lifestyle for themselves is truly commendable.

If it is your passion, go for it and don't let anyone hold you back.

I recently launched 'Eyeris Beauty', which is a 3D silk lash line. It is a 100% cruelty and fur free lash line. Along with Eyeris Beauty, I am part of the 'Dream Team Tour' with TNT Agency, a leading makeup school, which teaches our attendees amazing makeup techniques as well as social media strategies through my expertise. There is no better feeling than being your own boss, but it has it's challenges as well. I am a one person army. Running three successful Instagram accounts and managing my new beauty line, while traveling for the tour is not easy. But I have come up with an alarm system that reminds me to post on my Instagram account(s) and I am able to work on everything else in between. Multitasking is definitely not easy but with trial and error, you can find a system that works for you. ​Nothing is impossible, with hard work and dedication, you can achieve all your dreams! 

WASTE WATER TECHNOLOGIES

BLOGSPOT BLOGGER TWITTER & FACEBOOK RULES @saleemasraf

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Digital marketing on twitter read more on
Some prefer tweeting about business, technology and some puns or funny tweets. So follow people from your community and also interact, receive follows from them. This way you have the right audience for your tweets.
Hashtags are like the heart of a tweet. Once click and all the relevant content to the hashtag is on your screen, so will be your tweet. If you use the right hashtag, your tweet will reach to thousands of people who are using the same hashtag.
Tweets with media are more likely to be retweeted than ones that don't. Adding media to a tweet catches the attention of people and increases the chances of engagement. ‪#‎digital‬ marketing ‪#‎marketing‬ ‪#‎Twitter‬‪#‎TweetReach‬ ‪#‎SocialMedia‬ ‪#‎SocialMediaMarketing‬ @saleemasraf
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Well water iron treatment, Drinking Water Treatment - Potassium Permanganate

 Its an age old method to use potassium permanganate(1% solution) in the well water and then pass it through slow sand filter. It removes Iron from well water.

 potassium permanganate(1% solution)  is effective against: dissolved iron, manganese and hydrogen sulfide.

. Potassium permanganate is a point-of-entry treatment method that oxidizes dissolved iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide into solid particles that are filtered out of the water. It can also be used to control iron bacteria growth in wells.

Potassium permanganate is available as a dry, purplish solid. A device injects a solution of potassium permanganate into the water between the water pump and holding tank.

Potassium permanganate oxidizes iron, manganese, and hydrogen sulfide into particles. The particles are then filtered with a multimedia filter which can be either manganese-coated aluminum silicate above manganese-treated green sand or an 8-inch layer of anthracite above manganese-treated greensand. If an insufficient amount of iron, manganese, or hydrogen sulfide is oxidized prior to filtration, the manganese coating on the filter media acts as a backup oxidant to treat any remaining contaminant. If too much potassium permanganate is fed into the water prior to filtration, the excess potassium permanganate serves as a regenerant for the filter media. The water should be colorless when it leaves the filter.

When treating water to remove iron bacteria, a solution of potassium permanganate is fed into the well. A concentration of 3.8 to 7.6 grams per gallon has been found to be very effective. After the solution is added in the well, continuous agitation will help loosen and disintegrate sediment and organic material produced by the bacteria, thus enhancing treatment effectiveness. Agitation can be accomplished by turning the well on and off, which brings water up through the well casing and then lets it fall back into the well.

Potassium permanganate is poisonous and irritates skin, so handle it carefully and ensure that there is no excess potassium permanganate in the treated water. The chemical gives water a slight pink tint. Water should be colorless after treatment.

Adapted from: Wagenet,L., K. Mancl, and M. Sailus. (1995). Home Water Treatment. Northeast Regional Agricultural Engineering Service, Cooperative Extension. NRAES-48. Ithaca, NY.

Source of the article:: http://articles.extension.org/pages/31569/drinking-water-treatment-potassium-permanganate

Organic Waste Converter excel industries,Mumbai

Organic Waste Converter excel industries,Mumbai

Biomethanation, Bio Gas Plant

Biomethanation is a process by which organic material is microbiologically converted under anaerobic conditions to biogas. Three main physiological groups of microorganisms are involved: fermenting bacteria, organic acid oxidizing bacteria, and methanogenic archaea. Microorganisms degrade organic matter via cascades of biochemical conversions to methane and carbon dioxide. Syntrophic relationships between hydrogen producers (acetogens) and hydrogen scavengers (homoacetogens, hydrogenotrophic methanogens, etc.) are critical to the process. Determination of practical and theoretical methane potential is very important for design for optimal process design, configuration, and effective evaluation of economic feasibility. A wide variety of process applications for biomethanation of wastewaters, slurries, and solid waste have been developed. They utilize different reactor types (fully mixed, plug-flow, biofilm, UASB, etc.) and process conditions (retention times, loading rates, temperatures, etc.) in order to maximize the energy output from the waste and also to decrease retention time and enhance process stability. Biomethanation has strong potential for the production of energy from organic residues and wastes. It will help to reduce the use of fossil fuels and thus reduce CO(2) emission.

Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21402222

Anaerobic digestion

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerobic_digestion Batch or continuous[edit]

Anaerobic digestion can be performed as a batch process or a continuous process. In a batch system biomass is added to the reactor at the start of the process. The reactor is then sealed for the duration of the process. In its simplest form batch processing needs inoculation with already processed material to start the anaerobic digestion. In a typical scenario, biogas production will be formed with a normal distribution pattern over time. Operators can use this fact to determine when they believe the process of digestion of the organic matter has completed. There can be severe odour issues if a batch reactor is opened and emptied before the process is well completed. A more advanced type of batch approach has limited the odour issues by integrating anaerobic digestion with in-vessel composting. In this approach inoculation takes place through the use of recirculated degasified percolate. After anaerobic digestion has completed, the biomass is kept in the reactor which is then used for in-vessel composting before it is opened ^[28] As the batch digestion is simple and requires less equipment and lower levels of design work, it is typically a cheaper form of digestion.^[29] Using more than one batch reactor at a plant can ensure constant production of biogas.

In continuous digestion processes, organic matter is constantly added (continuous complete mixed) or added in stages to the reactor (continuous plug flow; first in – first out). Here, the end products are constantly or periodically removed, resulting in constant production of biogas. A single or multiple digesters in sequence may be used. Examples of this form of anaerobic digestion include continuous stirred-tank reactors, upflow anaerobic sludge blankets, expanded granular sludge beds and internal circulation reactors.^[30][31]

Decentralised integrated solid waste, waste water and solar energy project at New Motibagh, New Delhi

decentralised integrated solid waste, waste water and solar energy project at New Motibagh, New Delhi

please read http://www.downtoearth.org.in/blog/the-waste-conundrum-44092

Waste Water Management: About 70% of the 8 lakh litres of water supplied to the residents, that is, 5.6 lakh litres of waste water generated is treated in a decentralized waste water treatment plant within the campus using the Moving Bed Bio-reactor (MBBR) technology. There is a net savings of Rs.5 lakhs per annum due to direct and indirect savings from a decentralized Waste Water Treatment plant (WWTP) in the campus whose running cost is Rs.55.55 lakhs as opposed to the centralized sewerage system costing Rs.60.62 lakhs.  

The energy savings from 300 solar street lights at the GPRA complex, covering internal roads, common areas, parking lots and bunglows, help in saving Rs.32.28 lakhs per annum. Along with solar water heaters, the savings on electricity is close to Rs.35 lakhs a year.     

Therefore, a decentralised integrated solid waste, waste water and energy project for about 1000 households can achieve clean and green surroundings and financial savings to the tune of Rs.40-50 lakhs per annum