Design of UASBR Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket Reactor

 These are the 4 top applications of the UASB reactors:

• Breweries and beverage industry

• Distilleries and fermentation industry

• Food Industry, Slaughter Houses.

• Pulp and paper

Together, these four industrial sectors account for 87% of the applications. However, the applications of the technology are rapidly expanding, including:

1.      treatment of chemical and petrochemical industry effluents

2.      textile industry wastewater

3.      landfill leachates

4.      Conversions in the sulfur cycle and removal of metals.

YOU NEED AN EXPERT WITH SPECIFIC INDUSTRY WISE EXPERIENCE TO DESIGN A PROPER UASBR SYSTEM. 

The UASB reactor can be designed as circular or rectangular. Modular design can be preferred when the volume of reactor exceeds about 400 m3. It is necessary to select proper range of operating parameters for design, such as, OLR, SLR, superficial liquid upflow velocity (referred as liquid upflow velocity), and HRT. The literature recommendations for all these parameters and design procedure to account these recommendations are given below.

What is Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket?

Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket, or UASB, is a form of anaerobic (oxygen-free) digester used in wastewater treatment. It is a methane-producing digester which uses an anaerobic process and forming a blanket of granular sludge and is processed by anaerobic microorganism.

UASB was developed in 1970s by Letinga in the Netherlands. It is essentially a suspended growth system in which proper hydraulic retention time (HRT) and organic loading rate (OLR) is maintained in order to facilitate the dense biomass aggregation known as granulation.

How to Design UASB Pond

About a week ago, I asked the appointed vendor who will design and supply wastewater treatment unit about design calculation of UASB pond. The design of UASB pond is a function of:

• COD input of wastewater
• Flow of wastewater
• Organic loading rate
• Hydraulic retention time

Organic loading rate is a measure of the biological conversion capacity of the anaerobic digestionsystem. It is expressed in kg Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) or Volatile Solids (VS) per cubic meter of reactor. A relatively high organic loading rate facilitated the formation of anaeronic granules in UASB systems.

In general, there are two ways to design an UASB reactor.

1. If input COD is 5000 – 15000 mg/L or more, the design method should be used based on Organic Loading Rate
2. If input COD less than 5000 mg/L, the design method should be based on velocity

Let’s take an example.

Data

Waste water input flow rate (Q) = 62.5 m3/day

COD = 15,000 mg/L = 15 kg/m3

Organic loading rate = 5.5 kg COD/m3.day (I found that organic loading rate is sometimes state of art in wastewater treatment design. Some vendors may have already had the data)

Volume of tank = Q x C /OLR = 62.5 x 15 / 5.5 = 170 m3

Note: the above volume is the actual volume. You need to add more volume (as void volume).

Calculating an UASB Tank Based on Velocity

When input COD < 5,000 mg/l, using the method base on ORL is not effective in operation process because the granular sludge will be hardly formed. Therefore, the design criteria must be:
Up-flow velocity V Ј 0,5 m/h. Hydraulic retention time HRT і 4 h Chosen in table 1, the height of sludge is Hs = 3 – 5 m The height of setting area HSe і 1.2 m The volume of the UASB reactor: W = Q x HRTThe area of the UASB reactor: A = V / Q

Read on http://www.slideshare.net/nitinyadav16/anaerobic-treatment-of-industrail-wastewater

GSL Separator Design

Slope of the separator bottom from 45 – 60oFree surface in the aperture between the gas collectors: 15 – 20% of reactor area.Height of separator from 1.5 – 2 m
The baffles to be installed beneath the gas domes should overlap the edge of the domes over a distance from 10 – 20 cm
Construct material: In the anaerobic conditions of an UASB reactor, there is a risk of corrosion in two main situations:
Some H2S gas can pass the GSL separator and accumulate above the water level in the top of the reactor. This will be oxidized to sulphate by oxygen in the air to form Sulphuric Acid that will in turn cause corrosion of both concrete and steel. Below the water level: Calcium Oxide, (CaO), in concrete can be dissolve with by Carbon Dioxide, (CO2), in the liquid in low pH conditions. To avoid these problems, the material used to construct the UASB reactor should be corrosion resistant, such as stainless steel or plastics, or be provided with proper surface coatings, (e.g. coated concrete rather than coated steel, plastic covered with impregnated hardwood for the settler, plastic fortified plywood, etc).

YOU NEED ONE TECHNICAL PERSON WITH EXPERIENCE TO RUN A PROPER UASBR SYSTEM.

Operation & Maintenance (O&M)

Operation criteria: The optimum pH range is from 6.6 to 7.6 The wastewater temperatures should not be < 5 °C because low temperatures can impede the hydrolysis rate of phase 1 and the activity of methanogenic bacteria. Therefore in winter season, methane gas may be needed to heat the wastewater to be treated in the reactor.

Always maintain the ratio of COD : N : P = 350 : 5 : 1 If there is a deficiency of some of these nutrients in the wastewater nutrient addition must be made to sustain the micro-organisms. Chemicals that are frequently used to add nutrients (N, P) are NH4H2PO4, KH2PO4, (NH4)2CO3…

Suspended solid (SS) can affect the anaerobic process in many ways:

Formation of scum layers and foaming due to the presence of insoluble components with floating properties, like fats and lipids. Retarding or even completely obstructing the formation of sludge granules. Entrapment of granular sludge in a layer of adsorbed insoluble matter and sometimes also falling apart (disintegration) of granular sludge. A sudden and almost complete wash-out of the sludge present in reactor Decline of the overall methanogenic activity of the sludge due to accumulation of SS Therefore, the SS concentration in the feed to the reactor should not exceed 500 mg/l In phase 2 and 3 the pH will be reduced and the buffer capacity of wastewater may have to be increased to provide alkalinity of 1000 – 5000 mg/l CaCO3

Start-up:

 An UASB reactor requires a long time for start-up, e.g. from 2 – 3 weeks in good conditions (t > 20oC) and sometimes the start-up can take up to 3 – 4 months. In start-up process, hydraulic loading must be Ј 50% of the design hydraulic loading.
The start-up of the UASB reactor can be considered to be complete once a satisfactory performance of the system has been reached at its design load.

Source: http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105104102/Lecture%2032.htm

UASB Units

UASB type units are one in which no special media have to be used since the sludge granules themselves act as the 'media' and stay in suspension. UASB system is not patented. A typical arrangement of a UASB type treatment plant for municipal sewage would be as follows:

1. Initial pumping
2. Screening and degritting
3. Main UASB reactor
4. Gas collection and conversion or conveyance
5. Sludge drying bed
6. Post treatment facility

In the UASB process, the whole waste is passed through the anaerobic reactor in an upflow mode, with a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of only about 8-10 hours at average flow. No prior sedimentation is required. The anaerobic unit does not need to be filled with stones or any other media; the upflowing sewage itself forms millions of small "granules" or particles of sludge which are held in suspension and provide a large surface area on which organic matter can attach and undergo biodegradation. A high solid retention time (SRT) of 30-50 or more days occurs within the unit. No mixers or aerators are required. The gas produced can be collected and used if desired. Anaerobic systems function satisfactorily when temperatures inside the reactor are above 18-20°C. Excess sludge is removed from time to time through a separate pipe and sent to a simple sand bed for drying.

Design Approach

Size of Reactor: Generally, UASBs are considered where temperature in the reactors will be above 20°C. At equilibrium condition, sludge withdrawn has to be equal to sludge produced daily. The sludge produced daily depends on the characteristics of the raw wastewater since it is the sum total of (i) the new VSS produced as a result of BOD removal, the yield coefficient being assumed as 0.1 g VSS/ g BOD removed, (ii) the non-degradable residue of the VSS coming in the inflow assuming 40% of the VSS are degraded and residue is 60%, and (iii) Ash received in the inflow, namely TSS-VSS mg/l. Thus, at steady state conditions,

SRT= Total sludge present in reactor, kg          Sludge withdrawn per day, kg/d

     = 30 to 50 days.

Another parameter is HRT which is given by:

HRT= Reactor volume, m³ 
         Flow rate, m³/h

     = 8 to 10 h or more at average flow.

The reactor volume has to be so chosen that the desired SRT value is achieved. This is done by solving for HRT from SRT equation assuming (i) depth of reactor (ii) the effective depth of the sludge blanket, and (iii) the average concentration of sludge in the blanket (70 kg/m³). The full depth of the reactor for treating low BOD municipal sewage is often 4.5 to 5.0 m of which the sludge blanket itself may be 2.0 to 2.5 m depth. For high BOD wastes, the depth of both the sludge blanket and the reactor may have to be increased so that the organic loading on solids may be kept within the prescribed range.

Once the size of the reactor is fixed, the upflow velocity can be determined from

Upflow velocity m/h = Reactor height
                                     HRT, h

Using average flow rate one gets the average HRT while the peak flow rate gives the minimum HRT at which minimum exposure to treatment occurs. In order to retain any flocculent sludge in reactor at all times, experience has shown that the upflow velocity should not be more than 0.5 m/h at average flow and not more than 1.2 m/h at peak flow. At higher velocities, carry over of solids might occur and effluent quality may be deteriorated. The feed inlet system is next designed so that the required length and width of the UASB reactor are determined.

The settling compartment is formed by the sloping hoods for gas collection. The depth of the compartment is 2.0 to 2.5 m and the surface overflow rate kept at 20 to 28 m³/m²-day (1 to 1.2 m/h) at peak flow. The flow velocity through the aperture connecting the reaction zone with the settling compartment is limited to not more than 5 m/h at peak flow. Due attention has to be paid to the geometry of the unit and to its hydraulics to ensure proper working of the "Gas-Liquid-Solid-Separator (GLSS)" the gas collection hood, the incoming flow distribution to get spatial uniformity and the outflowing effluent.

Physical Parameters

A single module can handle 10 to 15 MLD of sewage. For large flows a number of modules could be provided. Some physical details of a typical UASB reactor module are given below:

Reactor configuration	Rectangular or circular. Rectangular shape is preferred
Depth	4.5 to 5.0 m for sewage.
Width or diameter	To limit lengths of inlet laterals to around 10-12 m for facilitating uniform flow distribution and sludge withdrawal.
Length	As necessary.
Inlet feed	gravity feed from top (preferred for municipal sewage) or pumped feed from bottom through manifold and laterals (preferred in case of soluble industrial wastewaters).
Sludge blanket depth	2 to 2.5 m for sewage. More depth is needed for stronger wastes.
Deflector/GLSS	This is a deflector beam which together with the gas hood (slope 60) forms a "gas-liquid-solid-separator" (GLSS) letting the gas go to the gas collection channel at top, while the liquid rises into the settler compartment and the sludge solids fall back into the sludge compartment. The flow velocity through the aperture connecting the reaction zone with the settling compartmentt is generally limited to about 5m/h at peak flow.
Settler compartment	2.0-2.5 m in depth. Surface overflow rate equals 20-28 m3/m2/d at peak flow.

Process Design Parameters

A few process design parameters for UASBs are listed below for municipal sewages with BOD about 200-300 mg/l and temperatures above 20°C.

HRT	8-10 hours at average flow (minimum 4 hours at peak flow)
SRT	30-50 days or more
Sludge blanket concentration (average)	15-30 kg VSS per m3. About 70 kg TSS per m3.
Organic loading on sludge blanket	0.3-1.0 kg COD/kg VSS day (even upto 10 kg COD/ kg VSS day for agro-industrial wastes).
Volumetric organic loading	1-3 kg COD/m3 day for domestic sewage (10-15 kg COD/m3 day for agro-industrial wastes)
BOD/COD removal efficiency	Sewage 75-85% for BOD. 74-78% for COD.
Inlet points	Minimum 1 point per 3.7-4.0 m2 floor area.
Flow regime	Either constant rate for pumped inflows or typically fluctuating flows for gravity systems.
Upflow velocity	About 0.5 m/h at average flow, or 1.2 m/h at peak flow, whichever is low.
Sludge production	0.15-0.25 kg TS per m3 sewage treated.
Sludge drying time	Seven days (in India)
Gas production	Theoretical 0.38 m3/kg COD removed. Actual 0.1-0.3 m3per kg COD removed.
Gas utilization	Method of use is optional. 1 m3 biogas with 75% methane content is equivalent to 1.4 kWh electricity.
Nutrients nitrogen and phosphorus removal	5 to 10% only.

HOW TO DESIGN BIO GAS HOLDER
GAS PRODUCTION & POWER GENERATION:

The gas flowing upward with the liquid will be prevented from escaping with the treated flow by GLSS and beam deflector, which will divert it to the gas collector domes. The gas produced shall be passed through 100 mm dia FRP pipe for individual domes and collected at a common point for each reactor by a common header of 200 mm dia pipe from where it will conveyed to the gas holder for constant flow to the gasomete generator or flaring in open atmosphere at about 6 meter above ground level.

Quantity of Gas Production:

PARAMETER	INLET OF UASB	OUTLET OF UASB	REMOVAL IN UASB
BOD	1700 ppm	340 ppm	80%
COD	3300 ppm	1320 ppm	60%
TSS	1800 ppm	450 ppm	75%

FLOW IN UASB = 1500 KLD (Taking full future capacity into account)

Influent COD@ 3300 ppm = 4950 Kg

Effluent COD = 1980 Kg

COD removed in a day = 2970 kg

Bio gas produced @ 0.1 cu mtr per kg of COD removed = 297 cu mtr per day.

Capacity of gas holder:

The primary purpose of a gas holder is to adjust the difference in the rate of gas production and consumption. As bio gas enters or leaves, the holder rises or falls  by guide rails.

Provide a gas holder of 300 cu mtr capacity.

POWER GENERATION:

The bio gas produced in UASB process should be utilized for production of electric power. The amount of electric power generated shall be as under:

Bio Gas production = 297 cu mtr /day

Methane content (65.75%) = 195.28 cu mtr

Calorific value =28.9 MJ/N.cu mtr

Energy content 195.28x28.9x273/(273+30)=5048 MJ/Day

Generator efficiency--- 30%

Electricity generated =0.3x5048x1000000/3600x1000

                                      = 420.66

Electric power generated = 420.66x0.04167=17.5289 kw  say17 kw 

                                     = 1.25x 17= 21.25 kva.

We can go for a gas engine of capacity 10 KW . If any gas is left , it will be flared or supplied to staff quarters.

NOTE: A 56 mld UASB plant having  Inlet COD =400 ppm can safely run a 45 KW gas engine.

                              INDIAN STANDARDS

ENVO PROJECT"S FIRST UASBR PROJECT WAS IN 2005. SOME OF OUR PROJECT PHOTOS

VIDEO OF THE PLANT

Our Project photo and Video in our facebook page https://www.facebook.com/envoprojects

Some Of the UASB Projects

NAME OF COMPANY	SCOPE OF WORK	Year
HMA FROZEN FOOD EXPORTS,AGRA	SLAUGHTER HOUSE ETP  WITH UASB,450KLD	2007
AL HAMD FROZEN FOODS, ALIGARH	ETP PROJECT, 200 KLD UASB	2004
Bhola baba Dairy Ind Limited,Aligarh	1 MLD ETP with UASB	2007
SARASWATI SUGAR MILLS,HARYANA	Suger mill ETP Project,UASB,500KLD	1998
Namaste India Dairy, Kanpur, UP	1MLD DAIRY ETP Project with UASB	2010
Malhotra Gelatine and Bones,Unnao	Rendering plant ETP Project with UASB,1MLD	2010
AOV Exports, Unnao,UP	Slaughter House ETP Project with UASB,750KLD	2010
Mash Agro Pvt Ltd, Unnao	Slaughter house ETP with UASB, 1 MLD	2013
Rustam Foods, Unnao, UP	Slaughter house ETP with UASB, 1 MLD	2013
Al Laham Food Exports,Khurja,UP.	Slaughter House ETP with UASB,750 KLD	2014
Al  Huda Frozen Foods, Khurja	Slaughter House ETP with UASB,750 KLD	2014
Al Halal Foods (Link Lock Company),Aligarh	Slaughter House ETP with UASB,1 MLD	2015
Al Ammar Exports, Aligarh	Slaughter House ETP with UASB,600 KLD	2015
Agrotec Foods Ltd, Kanpur	Food processing waste, 200 KLD,UASB	2015
Bholebaba  Dairy,Kanpur	500KLD DAIRY ETP Project with UASB	2016

waste to energy plants consultancy providing design and supply of Biogas plants, Anaerobic Digestion (Bio Methanation)

http://www.wasteworks.ie/   Wasteworks international consultancy providing design and supply of
Biogas, Anaerobic Digestion and Reedbeds and Wetlands systems

ANAEROBIC DIGESTER SYSTEMS

Proven on wide range of wastes and feedstocks including

• Livestock and agricultural wastes
• Biomass
• Sewage and industrial sludges
• MSW and catering wastes
• Food industry wastes
• Vegetable market waste
• Restaurant Waste
• Farm House/Cattle manure waste
• Slaughter House/Tannery waste
• Presumed waste

Biogas

www.biogasproducts.co.uk
Wasteworks is process consultant to UK Biogas Supplier Biogas Products Ltd,

www.epswater.com
Wasteworks is a long-term AD consultant to EPSwater

www.enviroserv.co.za
Wasteworks is biogas design consultant to Enviroserv of South Africa developing and supplying AD plants in Africa

STANDARDS FOR POTABLE WATER and drinking water treatment

STANDARDS FOR POTABLE WATER :

Suspended Solids < 500 ppm

Turbidity < 10 ppm

B-Coli—NIL

M.P.N. – one number in 100 ml

Hardness <100 ppm="">

Chloride<250 ppm="<!--250--">

Iron and Manganese < 0.3 ppm

PH= 6.5 to 8

Lead< 0.1 ppm

Arsenic< 0.05 ppm

Sulphate < 250 ppm

Carbonate Alkalinity < 120 ppm

Dissolved Oxygen = 5 to 6 ppm

B.O.D—NIL

Any parameter above the limits as mentioned above will require treatment .

           TABLE OF WATER PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS :

Problem	Process	How it Works	Equipment Used
Turbidity - cloudy water that will clear if left to set for a few minutes	Filtration	Mechanically traps particles between pores of media	Filter tank and media with automatic backwashing head. Media will vary depending on application
Turbidity - cloudy water that will not clear if left to set for a few minutes.	Flocculation	Chemicals are added that will grow large particles that will settle out and then can be mechanically removed by filtration	solution feed pumps, static mixers, and filters
Low pH - Blue-green staining-pin hole leaks in pipes caused by corrosive water	Acid Neutralisation	There are two ways to do this: 1. Dissolves sacrificial media (limestone) to raise pH and at the same time increases the hardness. 2. A pump injects a solution that raises the pH. The solution is usually made by dissolving soda ash (baking soda) or potash (baking soda with potassium instead of sodium)	Filter with AN (acid neutralizer) for technique #1 and solution feed pump for technique #2.
Gas and VOC removal. Not for hydrogen sulfide removal. Radon at less than 5000pCi/L	Adsorption	Gases attach themselves to the surface of the activated carbon. The carbon must eventually be replaced	Filter with GAC (granular activated carbon)
Iron, manganese and hydrogen sulfide- Staining and Odor problems. hydrogen sulfide has an odor that is usually egg like. The staining can be any color from orange to brown to black	Oxidation Filtration	The material being removed is first oxidized . The oxidation causes a precipitate to be formed. The precipitated material is filtered. For instance, to remove iron the oxidation causes the dissolved iron to turn to rust and make the water cloudy red. Once the iron has rusted, it is a particle that can be mechanically filtered.	Air injection systems use air for the oxidation process and chlorine systems use chlorine for the oxidation process. Air is introduced by a venturi and chlorine maybe introduce by either a solution feed pump or a dry pellet down the well chlorinator. The filter maybe any of the mechanical filters mentioned above.
Hardness, iron, manganese, tannins - Hardness causes scaling. Iron and manganese stains will have colors ranging from orange to black. Tannins will make the water tea colored.	Ion Exchange	The system simply replaces the material that is to be removed with one that is more desirable. The total amount of material in the water does not change, only the kind of material. The materials that are usually introduced into the water are either sodium or potassium. Chloride ions will be added only when an anion resin is used.	Water Conditioner (softener) with either cation or anion resin. The anion will only be used when there is a tannin problem. See our Technetic water softener
TDS, salt, nitrates, gross alpha	Reverse Osmosis (RO)	RO uses pressure to force water through a plastic membrane leaving the minerals behind where they are flushed down the drain. Although this is not filtration, many people visualize this as filtration on the atomic level because molecules are being separated from one another. RO is usually done at the point of use (POU) and only for the water that will be used to drink or cook with.	Reverse osmosis system at either the point of use (POU) or point of entry (POE).
Radon	AERATION	Aeration drives the radon gas off by bubbling air through the water. The agitation caused by the air removes the gas in a similar fashion to shaking a soda to make it fizz.	Shallow tray aeration from NEEP .