How to Use a USB Flash Drive

How to Use a USB Flash Drive

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A Flash Drive is a small self-powered drive that connects to a computer directly through a USB port. It's both Mac and PC compatible, so you can transfer files between both Macs and PCs. They are supported on all public machines, although some flash drives require a user to install drivers before use. Flash drives can hold any type of data, including excel, jpeg, video, and text files. Flash drives are also commonly referred to as key drive, thumb drives, jump drives, USB drives and pen drives.

Introduction:

Flash drives are meant as a way to get files to and from multiple computers. They are NOT for backups. We strongly encourage users to backup files to CD-RW or CD-R disks or zip disks.

Please note that not all flash drives are the same. Some may require extra drivers to be installed on a computer in order for them to function properly. Public computers do not allow drivers to be installed. Therefore, not all flash drives will be compatible with public computers.

Flash drives come with varying amounts of memory. You may purchase a flash drive that is approximately the size of a zip disk, or 256MB. Also, you have the option of purchasing a few 32MB drives instead of a single 256MB drive.

Some of the most popular brand name drives, are Lexar, Sandisk, Kingston, PNY, and Iomega.

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Copying files to a flash drive on a PC:

1. Open My Computer and see which drives are shown. Most computers, for example, have a hard disk such as a C: drive and a few removable storage devices such as a floppy drive, a CD-ROM drive, and perhaps a zip drive.
   
2. Insert the flash drive into the USB port and watch to see where the USB flash drive appears. Most will appear as removable storage, but some will instead appear as hard drives. Note the name Windows is using to refer to the flash drive ("Removable Disk (G:)," for example).
   
3. Open My Documents or the location from which you want to transfer files to the flash drive. Select the files or folders you want to save to the flash drive by left-clicking on them. To select more than one, hold down the CTRL key while you click and select all of the files you wish to save.
   
4. Right-click on the file(s) or folder(s) you selected, then select Send to, then select the name you saw appearing in My Computer for the flash drive ("Removable Disk (G:)," for example).
   
5. When the copying is finished, do not immediately remove the flash drive from the USB port. Instead, left-click on the Remove Hardware icon located in the System Tray. A window containing a list of the USB devices will appear. Left-click on the Safely Remove Mass Storage Device line that matches your flash drive (for example, Safely Remove Mass Storage Device - Drive(G:)).
   
6. When you see the following message appear in the bottom left toolbar, it is, as it says, safe to remove the flash drive from the USB port; you may close the message or ignore it, as it will close itself automatically:
   

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Copying files from a flash drive on a PC:

1. Open My Computer and see which drives are shown. Most computers, for example, have a hard disk such as a C: drive and a few removable storage devices such as a floppy drive, a CD-ROM drive, and perhaps a zip drive.
   
2. Insert the flash drive into the USB port and watch to see where the USB flash drive appears. Most will appear as removable storage, but some will instead appear as hard drives. Note the name Windows is using to refer to the flash drive ("Removable Disk (G:)," for example).
   
3. Double-click on the flash drive to locate the file(s) or folder(s) you want to copy to this computer. Select the files or folders you want to copy by left-clicking on them. To select more than one, hold down the CTRL key while you click and select all of the files or folders you wish to copy.
   
4. Right-click on the files or folders you have selected and choose Copy.
   
5. Open My Documents or the location to which you want to transfer files from the flash drive.
   
6. Click on the Edit menu, then select Paste.
   
7. When the copying is finished, do not immediately remove the flash drive from the USB port. Instead, left-click on the Remove Hardware icon located in the System Tray. A window containing a list of the USB devices will appear. Left-click on the Safely Remove Mass Storage Device line that matches your flash drive (for example, Safely Remove Mass Storage Device - Drive(G:)).
   
8. When you see the following message appear in the bottom left toolbar, it is, as it says, safe to remove the flash drive from the USB port; you may close the message or ignore it, as it will close itself automatically:
   

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Formatting a flash drive on a PC:

1. Open My Computer.
   
2. Right-click on the flash drive and choose Format.
   
3. In the Format window, the capacity, file system and allocation unit size should be chosen already.
   
4. You can check Quick Format, which will clean your drive quickly but not as thoroughly. A full format can take up to 10 minutes.

   

    

USB flash drive

A small, portable flash memory card that plugs into a computer's USB port and functions as a portable hard drive. USB flash drives are touted as being easy-to-use as they are small enough to be carried in a pocket and can plug into any computer with a USB drive. USB flash drives have less storage capacity than an external hard drive, but they are smaller and more durable because they do not contain any internal moving parts.

USB flash drives also are called thumb drives, jump drives, pen drives, key drives, tokens, or simply USB drives.

Adtron A25FB-20 Flashpak®

OVERVIEW

• Category:Flash Solid State Disk
• Form Factor: 2.5-inch
• Host Interface: Serial ATA (SATA)
• Technology: Adtron ArrayPro™ performance engine and EraSure™ Data Security
• Capacity: Up to 160GB
• Sustained Data Transfer Rates:
  Reads: Up to 78MB/sec
  Writes: Up to 48MB/sec
• MTBF: 1,900,320 hours (Telcordia)

FLASH DISK DESCRIPTION

The A25FB Flashpak® flash solid state disk (SSD) is powered by the patent-pending Adtron ArrayPro™ performance engine to deliver industry leading performances previously unachieved in a flash solid state disk. The I25FB leverages this unique ArrayPro technology to provide true sustained write and read performance.

These 2.5-inch Serial ATA (SATA) flash solid state disks can easily replace standard 2.5-inch hard disk drives (HDDs), providing full HDD functionality with higher reliability and superior performance. In addition, A25FB Flashpak flash solid state diskss contain no moving parts. The A25FB Flashpak flash SSDs are far superior to HDDs in terms of ruggedness, shock resistance, environmental resilience and performance in no-compromise applications.

To meet the unique data security requirements of defense and security applications, Adtron EraSure™ data security provides multiple levels of data elimination techniques. EraSure Clear provides a fast data elimination function that enables erasing of data in seconds. EraSure Sanitize uses an agency defined and unique customer defined pre-programmed sanitization procedure allowing full media declassification. Combined with the ArrayPro performance engine, EraSure Sanitize provides unparalleled sanitization performance. In addition, access control features include write protection and password login for added data security.

For more information on the Adtron Flashpak A25FB flash solid state disk, contact Adtron at North American Sales or International Sales.

SOLID STATE DISK RELIABILITY

Prediction Method	MTBF*
Telcordia	1,900,320 hours (25°C, ground benign, controlled)

^{*Calculated using an A25FB-4GC20N.}

FLASH DISK FEATURES AND BENEFITS

FEATURE	BENEFIT
Proven industry standards coupled with Adtron technology	Standard Serial ATA interface delivers unparalleled operating system compatibility while Adtron flash disks replace and offer exceptional alternatives to HDD
Adtron ArrayPro performance engine in a 2.5-inch form factor	Parallel array processing provides unmatched flash disk performance
Adtron EraSure data security technology provides comprehensive declassification options	Provides the most comprehensive and fastest flash data security capabilities. Compliant with NISPOM DoD 5220.22-M, NSA 130-2, Air Force AFSSI-5020, Army AR380-19, Navy NAVSO P-5239-26 and IRIG 106-3
Serial-ATA interface combined with the Adtron Flashpak technology	Enables broad operating system capability, including Microsoft® Windows®, Linux, and Sun™ Microsystems Solaris™ operating systems
Hot Swap feature	Allows users to remove and replace the A25FB flash disk with power on, reducing planned and unplanned downtime

FLASH DISK SPECIFICATIONS

SPECIFICATION	A25FB FLASH DISK
Hardware	Host computer with Serial ATA-1.0 (SATA-Revision 1.0a) interface, 1.5 Gb/s
Software	BIOS and O/S with SATA-1.0 support
Interface and connector	Serial ATA (SATA) 7-pin signal segment, 15-pin power segment
Data transfer rate	Sustained Read/Write Rates:   Reads: Up to 78 MBytes/sec   Writes: Up to 48 MBytes/sec
Capacities	4 GBytes to 160 GBytes
Power requirements	Voltage = 5V ± 5% @ 1.25A (max)
Dimensions	Width: 69.85mm [2.75"] Depth: 100.2mm [3.945"] Height:   9.3mm [.364"] (4, 8, 16, 24, 32GB)   15.8mm [.621] (12, 16, 24, 32, 48, 64, 72, 80, 96GB)   22.3mm [.876"] (120, 160GB)
Operating temperature	Commercial (C): 0 to 70°C Industrial (I): -40 to 85°C
Compliance	RoHS: 2002/95/EC Safety: UL IEC 60950-1:2003; CSA C22.2 No. 60950-1 EMC/Emissions: EN 55022:1998+A1 & A2; CISPR 22:1997; FCC CFR 47 Part 15 Subpart B:2002 EMC/Immunity: EN 61000-4-2:1995; EN 61000-4-3:1998; EN 55024:1998, CISPR 24:1997
Standard Warranty	3 Years

 

Solid State Hard Disk:

 

The current generation of solid state hard disk technology is being put to a wide variety of uses in defense and industrial applications. Where rotating drives may have been the necessary evil ten years ago, a solid state hard disk can now take its place, and offer the highest degree of reliability and best performance. Not having the Achilles heel of moving parts, (ergo, solid state) hard drive storage have virtually no acoustic signature, are extremely light weight, and require much less power than a typical 2.5" or 3.5" HDD.

With all of these advantages, however, one of the highest concern when implementing a solid state hard disk into your application is its durability. Adtron flash disks are capable of withstanding a higher degree of environmental distress while delivering exceptional write endurance in I/O intensive applications.

In addition to high durability, Adtron solid state hard disks deliver the industry's best sustained read and write rates without using volatile cache memory as a buffer between the host and the solid state media. The use of cache memory introduces a point of failure where data loss can be significant, especially if battery backup is not used. The Adtron ArrayPro^TM performance engine delivers high performance beyond that typically found in a comparable solid state hard disk product or an HDD.

For example, Adtron's I25FB IDE flash disk passed standard military standards testing conducted by National Technical Systems in Tempe, AZ. Beyond the standard MIL-STD-810F testing, MIL-S-901D tests demonstrate that the I25FB Flashpak flash disk is capable of withstanding shipboard shock loadings which may be incurred during wartime service due to the effects of weapon attacks while at sea. In separate MIL-STD-167-1 tests, the I25FB solid state hard disk proved resilient to internally and externally imposed shipboard vibrations, while subject to dry and damp heat conditions, necessary to operate in a shipboard environment.

In the first U. S. Navy application, the Adtron 16 GByte I25FB solid state hard disk with commercial temperature media is being installed in the Local Control Panels (LOCOPs) by Woodward Governor Company. The LOCOPs are designed to monitor and control the parameters required to start and operate the generator sets used on the CG-47 Ticonderoga class cruisers and DDG-51 Arleigh Burke class destroyers. "Compared to rotating mechanical hard drives, solid state flash disks deliver clear reliability and durability advantages for shipboard applications," stated Andy Cullis, Woodward's Military/Marine Account Manager. "Adtron's flash disks provide a very robust data storage solution, which is critical to meeting the Navy's shock, vibration, temperature and humidity requirements for the LOCOP."

feeling home sick

1. Our Residence from space,just click the following link

http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=26183126&x=91760441&z=18&l=0&m=a&v=2

 

2. Munu Kekas residence from space, just click the following link

http://www.wikimapia.org/#y=26173758&x=91779109&z=18&l=0&m=a&v=2

 

 

 

 

Saleem Asraf Syed Imdaadullah
Mobile:9899300371
Envo Projects
311/22,Zakir Nagar,
New Delhi-110025 ,India
Email:saleemasraf@gmail.com
blog:www.saleemindia.blogspot.com
Web Site : www.envo.8m.com

municipal solid waste--waste to energy plant

Considering an average garbage generation per capita per day as 0.450 Kg, we can assume a total garbage generation for a population of 100,000 as 45,000 Kg per day

Proven on wide range of wastes and feedstocks including

• Livestock and agricultural wastes
• Biomass
• Sewage and industrial sludges
• MSW and catering wastes
• Food industry wastes
• Vegetable market waste
• Restaurant Waste
• Farm House/Cattle manure waste
• Slaughter House/Tannery waste
• Presumed waste

Suitable locations for installation of plant

Hotel premises, army/big establishment canteens (private/ government), residential schools/colleges, housing colonies, religious places / temple trusts, hospitals, hotels, sewage treatment plants, villages, etc.

The Principle:

Add bio degradable Solid waste  into predigestor tank. 

Use of thermophilic microbes for faster degradation of the waste. The growth of thermophiles in the predigestor tank is assured by mixing the waste with hot water and maintaining the temperature in the range of 55-60oC. The hot water supply is from a solar heater. Even one-hour sunlight is sufficient per day to meet the needs of hot water.

After the predigestor tank the slurry enters the main anaerobic tank where it undergoes mainly anaerobic degra-dation by a consortium of archae-bacteria belonging to Methanococcus group.  They produce mainly methane from the cellulosic materials in the slurry.

The undigested lignocellulosic and hemicellulosic materials then are passed on in the settling tank. After about a month high quality manure can be dug out from the settling tanks. Earth worm can be introduced to settling tank to speedup the process.There is no odour to the manure at all. The organic contents are high and this can improve the quality of humus in soil, which in turn is responsible for the fertility.The manure generated is high quality and can be used in fields.This manure can be supplied to farmers at the rate of 4-5 Rs. per Kg. Alternatively municipal gardens and local gardens can be assured of regular manure from this biogas plant.

As the gas is generated in the main tank, the dome is slowly lifted up. This gas is a mixture of methane (70-75%), carbondioxide (10-15%) and water vapours (5-10%). It is taken through GI pipeline to the gas purification unit. Drains for condensed water vapour are provided on line. This gas burns with a blue flame and can be used for cooking as well.

The gas generated in this plant is used for gas lights fitted around the plant. The potential use of this gas would be for a canteen. The purified gas can be fed to bio fuel electric generator to produce electricity. Gas can be bottled and used to run vehicles.

Cost details, saving and payback period from a biogas plant:

The cost details and the savings envisaged from the plant are given in the following table. The life of the plant could be 20-30 years and payback period is 4-5 years.

Capacity (Tons / Day)	Installation Cost (Rs In Lacks)	Monthly Operation and Maintenance Charges (Rs)	Bio gas   Generation	Organic Manure production (tons /day)	Area Required M2	Power Generated from Bio Gas	Manpower to run plant
1	35	20,000/-	200 cum/day	0.2	450	250 kw/day	4

07-07-07 Fern and the Bamboo---FROM JEBEEN

 

A story with a difference....

The Fern and the Bamboo

One day I decided to quit...I quit my job, my relationship, my spirituality.... I wanted to quit my life. I went to the woods to have one
last talk with God.

"God", I said. "Can you give me one good reason not to quit?"

His answer surprised me.

"Look around", He said. "Do you see the fern and the bamboo?"

"Yes", I replied.

"When I planted the fern and the bamboo seeds, I took very good care of them. I gave them light. I gave them water. The fern quickly grew from
the earth. Its brilliant green covered the floor. Yet nothing came from the bamboo seed. But I did not quit on the bamboo.

In the second year the fern grew more vibrant and plentiful. And again, nothing came from the bamboo seed. But I did not quit on the bamboo.

"In year three there was still nothing from the bamboo seed. But I would not quit.

 

The same in year four.

"Then in the fifth year, a tiny sprout emerged from the earth. Compared to the fern, it was seemingly small and insignificant. But just six months
later, the bamboo rose to over 100 feet tall. It had spent the five years growing roots. Those roots made it strong and gave it what it needed to survive.

I would not give any of my creations a challenge it could not handle.

"Did you know, my child, that all this time you have been struggling, You have actually been growing roots?

I would not quit on the bamboo.
I will never quit on you.

"Don't compare yourself to others." He said. "The bamboo had a different purpose than the fern. Yet they both make the forest beautiful.

"Your time will come", God said to me. "You will rise high"

"How high should I rise?" I asked.

"How high will the bamboo rise?" He asked in return.

"As high as it can?" I questioned

"Yes." He said, "Give me glory by rising as high as you can."

I left the forest, realizing that God will never give up on me.

And He will never give up on you.

Never regret a day in your life.

Good days give you happiness;
Bad days give you experiences;
Both are essential to life.

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AOL now offers free email to everyone. Find out more about what's free from AOL at AOL.com.

TENDER url

http://www.friendzmms.com/

http://www.friendsviewer.com/

http://www.tenders.gov.in/

 

add life to years, learn to laugh

 

add life to years, learn to laugh
when u cultivate a humorous attitude to life,your child like nature emerges.there is a child in us which wants to be free.as we grow older the child in us is suppressed and hence our playfulness also gets suppressed.joy of life disappears when we lose ourselves in seriousness..this kills the joy of living...

First-borns are smarter: Study

Experts say the true value of the study is that it traces a co-relation between IQ, and how a child is raised. Frank J Sulloway, of the Institute for Personality and Social Research at the University of California, Berkeley, is quoted as saying that the 'elegantly designed' study indicated that the elder child pulls ahead, perhaps as a result of additional learning gained while tutoring younger brothers and sisters.

Tangentially, the study also appears to indicate that a child who in the family structure is given a position of responsibility -- in this case, of being treated as the eldest child -- tends to grow mentally, as opposed to children treated as `subordinate' units of the family.

http://www.rediff.com/news/2007/jun/22first.htm

How to avoid heart disease

No fat.

Fish and chicken only once a week.

A 45 minute brisk walk daily.

No chocolates, candies, sweets or soft drinks for children.

 

How to avoid heart disease

Mukhtar Ahmad in Srinagar

 

"I have never given chocolates, cakes, toffee, candies or soft drinks to my 3-year-old daughter," he said.

"The best food for children is lots of fruits including strawberries, berries and peach. If you develop the right food habits among your children right from the beginning, they will carry them for life."

Those leading a sedentary lifestyle faced the highest risk of contracting heart ailments, he said.

"Any physical activity like golf, gardening, working in the house etc is fruitful. Inactivity is an independent risk factor for heart problems."

Block Unwanted SMSes On Your Hutch Connection

Block Unwanted SMSes On Your Hutch Connection

All you have to do is send the text DND as an SMS to 111.

You thought it was that easy huh? Hell no. Your trauma begins now. India might be the fastest growing telecom market in the world, but cellular operators here require 72 hours to implement a tiny change. Here’s my story in chronological order.

Early 2006

At a Hutch customer care centre, I was told that it is impossible to block promotional SMSes. “We just cannot do it Sir,” was the punch line thrown at me.

December 14, 2006 - 11:04

Message from Hutch: Hi! In case you do not wish to receive any promotional calls and SMS from Hutch, you may send DND as an SMS to 111 (toll-free). Thank you.

Me: What? But I thought this is impossible. Well…Hurrah! As instructed, I sent the message DND to 111.

December 14, 2006 - 10:55 (Huh?)

We respect your privacy. Please give us 72 hours to include your number on our Do Not Disturb list. Thank you.

Me: What the *uck! It doesn’t take 72 *ucking hours to add a *ucking number to a *ucking database. Come on. We are supposed to be the IT wonderland. I can almost visualize a flood of spam within the next 72 hours. What a *ucking scam. And why the *uck didn’t you mention this in your *ucking message. Why the *uck don’t you understand that I just sent you a *ucking DND message?

My prediction turns true.

December 15, 2006 - 09:54

Hutch Spam SMS #1: Get your name as LOGO on your phone screen! Sms MYLOGO [fontno] [name] to 8243. Eg MYLOGO 8 RAHUL. For Nokia phones only. Font range 1-16. Rs 3/logo.

December 15, 2006 - 13:47

Hutch Spam SMS #2: Get sizzling Mona Chopra’s best images. Click on the link http://202.87.41.147/hungamawap/hutch/1800/index.php3

December 16, 2006 - 15:05

Hutch Spam SMS #3: Kabul Express ki shooting Bangladesh mein ki gayi. Jawab dijiye aur jitiye Kabul Express ke FREE tickets. Sms YES or NO to 123. Rs 2/SMS.

December 16, 2006 - 15:47

Hutch Spam SMS #4: All new KINGFISHER Calendar models’ images and 2007 Calendar Application for your mobile! Click on the link http://202.87.41.147/hungamawap/hutch/2358/

As my friend once said, “Incredible India! But where’s the credibility?”

December 18, 2006 - 06:00

The 72-hour wait seems to be over. Haven’t received a spam SMS in the last 36 hours.

Update - December 18, 2006 - 10:19

Aaaaaaaarrrrrrgggggghhhhhhh!!! Spoke too soon. I should have known better than to trust these lousy cellular operators.

Hutch Spam SMS #5: Now check the PNR status of your railway tickets on SMS. Simply send IRPNR (PNR No.) as SMS to 123. Eg IRPNR 8023453297. Rs 2/SMS only.

CITY & SOLID WASTE PROBLEM

as a business man everybody including MNCs like thermax is installing incinarators.new technologies are coming up in USA for transforming heat into electricity (HEAT MACHINES).India is better off than other countries in recycle and reuse of solid waste. but a total failure in reducing the quantity of solid waste generated. who is to blame? and 90 % of indian population still lives in villages where there is no problem of solid waste.it s a city phenomenon.

Fluidised Media Reactor (FMR)

The INDION Fluidised Media Reactor (FMR) uses the attached growth process for waste water/sewage treatment and recycle. It incorporates a single tank unit, consisting of a bar screen chamber, specially designed floating media to facilitate the attached growth process, oxygen transfer through diffused membrane aeration, lamella settler and chlorine contact tank. The system is available in mild steel and reinforced concrete.

The FMR works on the same principle as the submerged fixed film process with only one exception - the media is not fixed and floats around in the aeration tank. The main advantage of this system over the submerged fixed film process is that it prevents choking of the media. This also avoids sludge recirculation. Compared to conventional technologies the FMR is compact, energy efficient and user friendly. It also allows flexibility in design of the reactor tank. The advantages of the INDION FMR are many –

Unique single tank design, no moving parts & easy maintenance.

Attached growth process, with specially designed moving media.

Compact and modular design.

Minimal pumping and chemical cost, low operating cost.

Flow rate for sewage treatment exceeding100 m3/d.

Applications of FMR include decentralised compact sewage plants for housing complexes, hotels, commercial complexes, industries and rural communities. It can also be used in industrial waste treatment in industries such as food & beverage, textile, pulp & paper, chemicals, pharmaceuticals, petrochemicals and dairy production.

Orders for the INDION fluidised media bed reactor for sewage treatment include Reliance India Ltd., ICC – Pune, SDM Technoengrs (Satyam Computers) and JK Cement, Rajasthan

nano generator

The day when you can charge your cell phone or iPod just by going for a stroll around the block could be a step closer, thanks to a "nano-generator".

About a year ago, Zhong Lin Wang of Georgia Tech in the US discovered that, when he disturbed zinc oxide nanowires, they gave off a tiny electrical current, a phenomenon called piezoelectricity. At the time, he had to use the tip of an atomic force microscope – a $250,000 instrument – to create about one-billionth of a watt of power. Not exactly energy efficiency.

But with his latest experiment, Wang has improved his design at least a thousand-fold. Using gold nanoparticle as seeds, he grew a small forest of 1-micron-high zinc oxide wires on a conductive substrate 2 millimetres square. Then he placed a saw-toothed electrode on top, which is designed to make contact with as many nanowires as possible. Finally, by rattling the whole thing with ultrasound, he found that he could generate a few microwatts of electricity.

That is still only a few millionths of a watt. But, by using ultrasound, the team demonstrated that they can activate the generator using any form of vibration. The movement of the top electrode disturbs the nanowires, providing a potential power source for anything that moves.

Furthermore, nanowires can be chemically grown on virtually any substrate, including metals, polymers, and anything else that could double as an electrode. The wires also precipitate from solution at 70°C, making them easy to grow under normal laboratory conditions.

Human implants
The generator suffers from a few key limitations, however. First, growing uniform nanowires is difficult – they are usually of slightly different height or diameter. As a result, in a generator containing many thousands of nanowires, only a few hundred or so successfully generate electricity when shaken, as they do not all make contact with the electrode. That hurdle must be overcome in order to charge large, power-hungry devices.

But Wang believes the nano-generator could be ideal for powering tiny devices, including those that may be implanted inside the human body. "Imagine self-powered force-sensors implanted in blood vessel walls, taking your blood pressure. Or generators in your shoes that can charge devices while you walk," he says.

Almost any device that could use a wireless, mobile power source could potentially use the nanogenerator, Wang says: "I have full confidence that within three years we will have something that is useful commercially."

Journal reference: Science (vol 316, p 102)
http://www.newscientisttech.com/article/dn11553-nanogenerator-could-power-tiny-devices.html

HOMEOPATHY AND CHILD DISEASE

As far as babies and children are concerned if they are treated homeopathically they will develop strong immune power and can thereby resist all the diseases. All the acute conditions arising in this age group can be very well treated without any side effects and with immediate results. All the acute diseases like cold and cough, fever, diarrhea, lactose intolerance has best answers in homeopathy.

For cold and cough in new born babies a mixture of biochemic salts viz. Ferrum - phos and Kali - mur in 6x potency given by dissolving 12 tabs each in a cup of water and giving it every 2-3 hours will suffice. Even the above mixture can be used during fever in the initial stages. During this tender age Homeopathy is the best choice for babies. Nothing is suppressed and the immune levels of the baby thus slowly and surely go on increasing. There is a tendency among parents to immediately give medication even for minor problems. I very well understand their anxiety, but, is it advisable to suppress these bodily reactions? Are we giving enough time for the babies' immune system to react against these invasions?
I will narrate some of the most common conditions met in the children who can be best treated with homeopathy.
Late teething - remedies like Calc. Carb and Calc.phos
Late speaking - N.mur,
Late walking - C.carb, C.phos, Silicea,
Late closing of fontanalles - C.carb, C.phos.
Teething with irritability - Chamomilla, mag mur,
Diarrhea during teething - Chamomilla, Calc.phos, M.carb, Podophyllum
Growing pains where the child starts beating his legs during the sleep -
C.phos, R.tox etc.
Lactose intolerance - Ncarb, Lac defloratum, etc.
Rattling cough - Antim tart, N.sulph, Ars,.iod, Ipecac,
Grinding of teeth during sleep - Cina, Tuberculinum.
Erruptive fevers like Measles, Chicken pox - Bry, Puls, and Antim.tart
Coliky pains in babies - chamomilla, colocynth, sulphur
Tendency to eat pencils, mud, clay, etc - C.carb, Nit acid, C.phos.

My experience of treating babies for last 22 years is that - those babies suffering from skin eruptions with a Family History of Asthma if treated with orthodox medicine the skin eruptions become suppressed and these babies' starts suffering from Asthma. Therefore it is usually better to treat these skin infestations during the early childhood days.

For falls and bruises remedies like Arnica, Calendula comes in handy. Arnica has a tremendous anticoagulation property so if given immediately after a fall it will remove the extravasations of blood and also reduce the soreness. These above stated are some of the common condition met in children and babies. Also Epilepsy, bedwetting, night terrors, somnambulism, can be benefited with homeopathy.



:- by Dr. Santosh Kothari .
B.H.M.S. (PUNE); L.C.E.H. (BOM); DIP.I.A.C.H. (GREECE).

(Homeopathy) nocturnal enuresis in children

nocturnal enuresis in children
The Bed-Wetting Problem

Introduction

Ashima is a 7-year old girl who wakes up each morning only to cry in shame. As usual she seems to have wet her bed once again. It is the very same story each morning. Her father shouts, her mother screams while her Gangu bai grumbles and her little sister snickers. But what can little Ashima do as she does not even feel the urge or remember the sensation of passing urine. If only she could, she certainly would not do it and have to face this filth and embarrassment each and every day.

This has been going on for years and her parents are really worried. They feel that she might never stop. They have shown her to their family doctor who suggested that they take her for counseling to a child guidance clinic.


Bed-wetting is considered a habit disorder

Bed-wetting, also called Enuresis, is one habit disorder that causes trauma, pain and disturbance to all concerned. It is the parents who normally wake up each night to check on the child, maybe even to disturb her sleep to check on whether she wants to go to urinate. And then when she wets her bed, it is the parents and the maid who have to change and wash the sheets and air the room. And what about what the little girl has to go through herself? Can you even begin to imagine her pain and shame at having lost control once again? She feels inadequate and totally at a loss, especially when she is aware of the trouble that she is inadvertently causing to other members in her family.


Delayed Developmental Milestones

Sometimes, when the doctors are not able to pinpoint a physical cause for this problem, the mental capacity of the child must be looked into, as it is quite possible that the child could be mentally deficient. In such cases, as a rule, most of the developmental milestones are generally delayed and toilet training could start much later than usual.

The child guidance clinic is a good place to start investigations as the enuresis could be a case of serious maladjustment. Some children do not want to accept basic responsibilities like tying their own shoelaces or going to the toilet. They want to prolong their infancy and total dependency much longer than is normal. This could even be the result of sibling rivalry or jealousy. Because when a younger child is born, most of the attention gets diverted and the older one does everything possible to get it back, on a conscious or even subconscious level.


New environment

I remember reading about the case of six year old Nitin. An extremely well-adjusted child who had learnt to brush his teeth, change his clothes and tie his shoelaces by the age of five. He performed very well in school and was a well-behaved, intelligent young boy. He displayed absolutely no signs of any sort of behavioral disorder right until his mother was carrying her second child. One evening she sat and explained to him that he would soon have a little baby to play with. And that very night little Nitin wet his bed for the very first time.

All was well until his mother delivered a baby girl. Then the enuresis started once again until the time that she was discharged from the hospital. It seemed to have stopped for awhile as Nitin tried to play and grow fond of his little sister. Then on her first birthday it started once again and did not stop for about three to four months, at the end of which his parents sought professional help.

After studying his case, the counselor realised that Nitin was torn between hate as well as outward displays of love towards his sister. These dual feelings in one so young were what had manifested in the form of this habit disorder. The counselor helped him to feel secure, loved and wanted once again and the enuresis disappeared after about a year of therapy.


Weak Emotional Foundation

Bed-wetting is common in both timid and weak as well as in strong aggressive children. The child has a basically weak emotional foundation and could come from a broken home or any kind of disruptive, unstable atmosphere. Either one of the parents could be physically or psychologically missing and the child could be feeling insecure for some reason. In highly aggravated cases, sometimes the child cannot even control the urge during the day and could embarrass himself in public leading to a further complex. Then it would be difficult to ever send him anywhere, even to school.

In some cases placebo drugs are given to the child to make him feel that he is being physically treated for the problem. But much, much more important is his mental welfare and sense of belonging as most of the time; enuresis has a deep psychological foundation. Therefore it is important that both the parents accompany the child for counseling.


Change in parents' attitude is all that is required

In most cases, a simple change of attitude on the part of the parents is all that is required to solve the problem. If your child feels safe and secure in a home filled with love, most personality disorders get sorted out on there own, if at all they were to arise.


Q: My nephew is six year old. He continues to bed wet at night though he is completely toilet trained during the day. Is this normal? How can we help him get bladder control during the night?

Aditi (Mumbai, India)


A: Please follow the instructions below:
1. No water after 6 PM
2. Make him void urine before going to bed
3. Keep alarm 2 hours after sleep time and wake him up and make him pass urine.
4. Do not make him guilty of his bed wetting by scolding or commenting in front of others.
5. Make him change the wet sheets.
6. Make him keep a dairy in which he will write the date and picture of a sun for dry days and umbrella for wet nights. At the end of 1 month give him a reward for the dry days.
7. In day time encourage him to delay passing urine for as long as possible. This will increase the bladder tone.
8. When he does pass urine after holding ask him to interrupt the stream on command for about 4 to 5 times during the passage.
If all these fail consult a child psychiatrist. But remember it will take about 6 months for this method to be effective

Q: My neice is 14 years old and still wets her bed. She has lost all interest in her studies. Please help.

Anju (Dubai, UAE)


A: Ask your niece to stop drinking water from around 7 p.m. Tell her to make sure she visits the bathroom every night, before going to bed, so her bladder is empty. Make sure you read these articles on our site:
http://www.indiaparenting.com/develop/data/develop07_04.shtml
http://www.indiaparenting.com/raisingchild/data/raisingchild002.shtml
Also, make sure your daughter reads this:
http://www.indiaparenting.com/raisingchild/data/raisingchild002book.shtml
It will help her see that she is not alone ? there are many others suffering from the same problem. It is not life-long, and millions of people wet their bed even at the age of 14. You could also take your child to a child psychiatrist in case you feel the reasons for bedwetting could be emotional or psychological.



Homeopathy drugs---Product Name: Dr. Reckeweg R 74 (Drops for nocturnal enuresis)
Form: Drops
Manufacturer: Dr. Reckeweg & Co. Gmbh
Packing: Bottle of 22ml






Contents:
Calcium phosphoric.D30, Ferrum phosphoricum.D8, Kalium phosphoricum D12, Pulsatilla D12, Sepia D6.

Description:
Nocturnal enuresis, bladder weakness. Many causes may precipitate nocturnal enuresis or bladder complaints and it is advisable therefore to elicit the deeper lying causes to those copmlaints. 'Spina bifida occulta' must be thought of. Inflammatory processes in the urogenital tract: compare R18 to be given in addition to or in alternation with R74. Involvement of the prostate gland: R25.
http://www.homeopathystore.in/buy/dr_reckeweg_r_74_drops_for_nocturnal_enuresisbottle_of_22ml.htm


====================

tryptomer 25 mg for nocturnal enuresis in children

CHILDREN


--------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Use of Amitriptyline hydrochloride is not recommended for children under 12 years of age.

The usual dose for adolescents 12 years of age and over is 10 milligrams, 3 times a day, with 20 milligrams taken at bedtime.

Contraceptives: Must-knows about `The Pill'

Contraceptives: Must-knows about `The Pill'

http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2007/feb/19oral.htm

Sheela Nair, a newly wed from Trivandrum, was looking for an effective and easy-to-use form of contraception.
Various forms of contraception are available in the market, today, and Sheela found the choices overwhelming. So, she visited a doctor who prescribed oral contraceptive pills, one of the most effective methods of preventing conception.
Most women, like Sheela however, take "the pill" without proper knowledge of the basics of contraception. In fact, a nationwide survey conducted in the United States revealed that most women were equipped with very little information about oral contraceptive pills. "After 40 years of use, we take for granted that women are fully informed about the Pill, but I find that many of my patients are not," said A George Thomas, clinical associate professor, Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York City.
In this article, we answer most frequently asked questions about 'The Pill'.
 5 signs that you are pregnant
How do oral contraceptive pills work? Do they contain hormones?
To become pregnant, ovulation (the process of the ovary releasing an egg) must be followed by fertilisation of the egg by a sperm. The fertilised ovum must then implant onto the wall of the uterus.
Oral contraceptive pills prevent pregnancy primarily by suppressing ovulation.
Progesterone (hormone involved in the female menstrual cycle) in birth control pills thickens your cervical mucus (a secretion of the cervix which moistens and protects this region of the body). The consistency of cervical mucus changes during a woman's menstrual cycle and can hinder the travel of sperm to the uter, making it hard for sperm to enter the cervix and fertilise the egg, if it is released.
It might also make the coating of the egg thicker and tougher to penetrate. Progesterone also thins the lining of the uterus. This means that even if an egg were to be fertilised, implantation onto the uterine wall would be unlikely.
Is this method foolproof?
If used correctly and consistently, the pill is projected to be about 99.7 to 99.9 percent effective in preventing pregnancy. The failure rate of hormonal methods of contraception, including the pill is usually lower than non-hormonal methods such as condoms and Intrauterine devices.
However, if the pill is not taken as prescribed, the chances that you will get pregnant are higher. More mistakes mean greater risk of failure. Though the pill is one of the most reliable methods of contraception, it is effective only when instructions are followed to the letter.
Certain drugs such as sedatives, antibiotics, antiseizure medications and some herbal medicines can reduce the effectiveness of the pill. If you are taking any of these medications, discuss this with your doctor so that you can switch to another form of birth control.
 How to do a home pregnancy test
What kinds of OC pills are available in India?
There are two kinds of pills, combination pills and mini pills. The mini pill is so called because it contains only progesterone (Cerazette). However, 99 per cent of all contraceptive pills are combination pills (Marvelon, Ovral-L, Triquilar, Femilon, Triphasil, Diane-35), which contain both estrogen and progesterone in various forms.
Most women who take oral contraceptives are prescribed combination pills because they are slightly more effective than mini pills.
But mini pills are useful in certain conditions, such as breastfeeding, where estrogen cannot be taken.
Your doctor will prescribe the right type of pill for you.
How are these pills taken?
All combination birth control pills come in packages of 21 or 28 pills. Most doctors recommend you start taking them from the sixth day of your menstrual period.
If the pack has 21 pills, then take the pill each day, at roughly the same time, for 21 days. Then stop taking the pill for sevn days (during which time you will most likely menstruate) and then start again on the next pack of 21 pills.
If the pack contains 28 pills, take a pill a day, at roughly the same time, for 28 days, and then without missing a day, start with the next pack (regardless of your periods). The reason is that the pack of 28 pills contains not only 21 hormone pills, but also 7 'blank' pills with no active contraceptive ingredients.
What if I forget to take a pill?
Good question. If you forget to take a pill, take it as soon as you remember and take the next pill at the usual time.
If you miss two days, take two pills each day for the next two days and then go back to your usual schedule.
However, if you miss three or more pills, discard the pill strip and use another form of birth control until your next menstrual cycle starts. If your period is delayed or you miss a period, you could be pregnant. Visit a doctor or take the home pregnancy test.
Are there any side effects?
Oral contraceptive pills do have a few side effects. These could be:
~ Mild side effects
Nausea, weight gain (about two kgs), water retention in your tissues, breast tenderness, and at times spotting between periods. These side effects are common but usually subside in the first three months.
~ Moderately serious side effects
Some women experience breast pain, mild rashes and jaundice; reduced tolerance to contact lenses; headaches or migraines; nervousness and sometimes depression. These side effects are not very common. If you experience any of these, you must contact your doctor.
~ Serious side effects
One of the major side effects of the pill is formation of blood clots especially in your legs. These clots could sometimes dislodge and travel to other parts of the body. Warning signs are leg tenderness or swelling; sudden chest pain or shortness of breath, partial or complete loss of vision or blackouts; numbness in any part of the body. If any of these symptoms occur, stop taking the pill immediately and consult your doctor. You might have to switch to another form of contraception.
Who should not take the pill?
It is not recommended for women:
~ Over 35 who smoke.
~ With high blood pressure, high cholesterol levels, or a family history of heart disease.
~ With past or present breast, uterus or liver cancer.
~ Suspecting a pregnancy. There could be other conditions where the pill is contraindicated. A thorough examination and your detailed family medical history will help the doctor see if the pill if right for you. Visit your gynaecologist before you start taking the pill.
How do I choose the right contraception method for me?
Your choice of contraception would depend on various factors including, how important it is for you to not get pregnant, your general health condition, whether you need protection from Sexually Transmitter Diseases, the cost, how comfortable you are with it and so on.

Click here to get a quick overview of the different methods of contraception and compare them.
Next week: 10 myths about oral contraceptive pills, busted
-- The author has an MBBS from KEM Hospital, Mumbai, with a Masters in Nutrition from the University of Texas at Austin.

1 What is 'the morning after' pill ? Is it not needed to tak
Asked by Rajesh Nagpal | 9 hour(s) ago | 1 answer(s)
2 please give any informatin about Mirena IUD.
Asked by dev prasad | 10 hour(s) ago
3 when can we have an intercourse without taking any precautio
Asked by Preeti Kapoor | 13 hour(s) ago | 7 answer(s)
4 can u tell abt emergency contraception..pill 72 and its poss
Asked 14 hour(s) ago | 1 answer(s)
5 i'm 41yr of age hve never taken a contraceptive pill earlie
Asked by sunita kikla | 14 hour(s) ago | 4 answer(s)
6 i heard that some women who take pills its hard to conceive
Asked by surabhi padhy | 16 hour(s) ago | 4 answer(s)
7 Please advise whether one can take the pill if one suffers w
Asked 16 hour(s) ago | 2 answer(s)
8 If i am getting married next month when can i start taking t
Asked 16 hour(s) ago | 2 answer(s)
9 Is it safe to take pills when you are still breastfeeding yo
Asked 17 hour(s) ago | 1 answer(s)
10 wow! i know so much about contraception now!! yipee. !! no m
Asked 17 hour(s) ago | 4 answer(s)

11 I am 41 one year old and have a son aged 17 years. My husban
Asked 18 hour(s) ago | 2 answer(s)
12 Can the pill be taken for many years indefinitely?
Asked 19 hour(s) ago | 3 answer(s)
13 I have taken contraceptive pill from June 2006 in each month
Asked 19 hour(s) ago | 2 answer(s)
14 can diabetic patients take this pills?
Asked 19 hour(s) ago | 1 answer(s)
15 Are non steroidal pills like saheli useful?
Asked 20 hour(s) ago | 1 answer(s)
16 Is there any natural method or contraceptive without side-ef
Asked 20 hour(s) ago | 2 answer(s)
17 how to conceive
Asked 20 hour(s) ago | 2 answer(s)

Network online, boost your career

Network online, boost your career

Sunder Ramachandran
Popular networks

There are many online networks you can choose from. Some of the popular ones are:

Rediffconnexions.com
Ryze.com
Orkut.com
Openbc.com
How to get started

You just have to create a user ID and password, just like when you signed up for an e-mail account.

However, the real challenge is how you present yourself in your online profile, which is akin to a resume. Your popularity is based on the ability of people to remember three things:

Who you are
What service you offer
How to get in touch with you
Combine your business along with the benefits of your product or service. "I am an insurance agent, and I help people plan for their future." or "I'm an advertising consultant, and I help companies get the most out of their advertising campaigns."

These explanations are more effective than saying, "I do financial planning," or "I plan advertising campaigns."

Have a catch phrase or statement on your profile. This will act as a hook. Here's one that got my attention on Rediff Connexions: If you want to shoot anybody, call me. I'm a photographer!

Now that you know how to register, the next challenge is to make optimum use of this platform.

Part II: How to network effectively online

Have you networked online? Which are the best networks? Shares your experiences

Sunder works as a trainer with a leading BPO in Delhi.

Common mistakes while sending a proposal to a client

Common mistakes while sending a proposal to a client

Deeksha Singh
February 01, 2007

I recently spread the word around in my network about the requirement for a technology consultant who can take care of all the backend IT work for my company. I even posted the requirement on a couple of business networking sites.

I received about a dozen responses and was taken aback by the poor quality of some of the business proposals and the sloppy effort in dealing with a prospective client. Being in the consulting business myself, it was truly a lesson in 'what not to do with clients'.

Have a question you want to ask?
Being sluggish in responding to clients

I called and e-mailed three consultants recommended by a close friend. I did not receive any response from them for two days. After sending two of them a reminder mail, I gave up, thinking that if they don't care when I am still a prospect, I am not sure what kind of service will they provide when I am their client.

Lesson -- Always respond to clients immediately. It's best to get back to a client within 24 hours of the request. If you are not available, set up an auto-responder for e-mails or leave a voice message. It's your responsibility to make it easy for your clients to get in touch with you.

Mind your language

I received an e-mail from a consultant with the subject line -- 'purposal as reqested by you'

While he was responsive, his e-mail did not create a great first impression. The e-mail had many spelling errors as well. I am sure he could have easily avoided it by spending a little more time. I lost confidence in him due to his lack of attention to details.

Lesson -- Do a basic spell check and grammar check before sending out a proposal. Ask a colleague to edit your proposal and provide feedback. Bad spelling and grammar send a message that you're sloppy. Keep in mind that you are communicating with a potential client.

How to make clients your allies

Sounding desperate

One consultant called about four times in one day just to check if I need any more inputs or information. While hiring a consultant was an important task for me, it wasn't the only thing that kept me occupied. Often consultants forget that their clients are busy with other key deliverables as well. The worst part was that he did not even do his basic research about our company.

Lesson --Make a follow up call after you have sent your proposal and wait for a response. Provide your contact details in your proposal and guide the prospect to your web site for more details. You don't need an elaborate web site -- just a basic one with the company's background, services offered and contact details.

Not doing your homework

One consultant, who called, asked me "What does your company do"? He was calling me after reading a post of mine on a networking site where I had mentioned about my company's background and our requirement.

Lesson --Learn more about the prospect and do a basic online search about them. You want to be sure whom you are dealing with. Make sure that your proposal is customised to the needs as stated in the advertisement.

6 reasons to thank your clients

Claiming that you're the cheapest

I certainly want great value for my money but at the same time I want quality as well. It's a myth that price is the only decisive factor. I have often paid more when I felt that the value derived would be greater. One consultant kept stressing about his rock bottom prices being his company's key differentiator.

Lesson --You don't want to be bracketed as a low cost, low quality service provider. Focus on other key strengths that will add value to the client. The consultant who kept stressing on low price actually made me think that there was a reason why he is so 'cheap'.

Deeksha Singh heads business development at W.C.H Training Solutions and can be reached at deeksha@wchsolutions.com

abt franchisee appointment

From: "SYED RAIHAN ...wanna fight??"Sent: Friday, January 26, 2007 10:40 PM
Subject: abt franchisee appointment.


> hi bhinti!
> i hv found out some way-outs for the franchisee appointment issue.
> 1/register yourself in franchise.com . thorugh this site u cn contract to several franchise-aspirants.the aspirants have already registered themselves. u can select those people by selecting them exact region-wise. it will b a very cost effective solution.
> 2/contact some add-agency to show-case ur proposed website with some demanded site..
> i hope these steps will fulfil ur need...
> anwz, did u hv a chat with mr. alam. for designing the website...if feel the need i cn also help u in stretetiging inputs for the site(in the marketing plan cllaboration aspect of the site)
> bye.gud nite.

How to become a successful businessman

How to become a successful businessman

Sunder Ramachandran
http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2007/jan/18entre.htm

Believe in yourself

Being an entrepreneur is a lot more risky than the conventional job routine. There is no regular salary; you have to find customers on your own. Marketing your product/service and financing the project are also of concern. I noticed that most entrepreneurs use a combination of due diligence and gut instincts while evaluating their product/service. They are good at spotting a need in the market and then backing themselves up to believe that their idea can fill that void.

Lesson one -- Believe in your idea. Never underestimate what you can do. You may surprise yourself
Hire the right people

Most entrepreneurs highlighted this as the toughest aspect of building a business. Sanjay Bhargava, who co-founded Paypal, recommended entrepreneurs to bring in people who are really good at what they do and also to focus on ensuring the team members get along with each other.

Some entrepreneurs confessed they made the initial mistake of hiring friends and people they liked, but soon realised that friends were not always the best employees.

Lesson two -- Build your team with people possessing complementary skills, not 'yes men' who are always showering praise. You need employees, partners and mentors you trust, who will give you honest feedback and take your company to the next level.

Be money wise

While some entrepreneurs went in for conventional sources of funding from a venture capitalist or banks, etc, quite a few started out with their savings or by borrowing money from friends and family. Most entrepreneurs said they focused on increasing efficiency and optimising costs and overheads. One entrepreneur shared that he consciously stayed away from non-essentials like an extravagant office, equipments, etc. The focus was on superior execution and high quality service.

Lesson three -- It's tempting to dream of a corner office, a pool table and expensive chairs, but give it some time. Start small and start efficient. Being better is more important than being bigger.

Concentrate on the message

"As a small business, most of our marketing is word-of-mouth. Our clients appreciate the kind of work we do and our reputation for delivering results," said Vidhanshu Bansal, founder of an information-technology company called Pixel Webtech.

Most entrepreneurs said that in the early days, their tendency was to focus on sales activities and as they grew, they started looking at various marketing initiatives, as that is the cement that gels customers, vendors and employees together. Their strategy kept changing, depending on what worked -- direct mailers, e-mail marketing, presentations at seminars, etc.

Lesson four -- Marketing a start-up business is a 24/7 activity and you need to pay attention to the message you're sending out to existing and prospective clients. Your message has to be tailored to meet the customer's expectations.

Keep the team motivated

Do not indulge in fault-finding or blame games. That was a clear message from most entrepreneurs. Pigeonholing a particular member of the team may spread negative vibes within the team and cost you time and quality. Celebrating every small success and appreciating team members will build a sense of camaraderie.

Lesson five -- Be a coach, rather than the star player. Appreciate and acknowledge the positive behaviours of team members so that the behaviours turn into consistent practices.

Make mistakes

"If you ain't a little bit scared, you ain't driving fast enough," said Deepak Wadhwa, another entrepreneur. Most entrepreneurs agreed. Give your people the license to fail. It's ok to make a mistake as long as they are succeeding 9 out of 10 times, and making sure that they don't repeat those mistakes in the future.

Lesson six -- The worst mistake is the one that gets repeated. Create a culture of learning and experimentation right at the start of the business. This will become a powerful value with the growth of the business.

Be passionate

Most entrepreneurs accepted that the rewards of being an entrepreneur can be terrific but they were also of the opinion that there is no 'secret sauce.' There are a lot of magazines, self-help books and biographies of successful entrepreneurs that one can read, but at the end of the day, it's about execution. What you really need is to be passionate about your work.

Lesson seven -- If you are doing something and the day flies by, if you are surrounded with people you like to work with, then you have most of the ingredients for entrepreneurial success.

Monday: Interview with venture capitalist Alok Mittal

Sunder Ramachandran, managing partner, WCH Training Solutions, can be reached at sunder@wchsolutions.com

WATER TREATMENT OF BORING WATER FOR IRON & HARDNESS

DESIGN DATA:

Bore Well Water Quality

SL Parameter Unit Value
01 pH 7
02 Turbidity NTU 10
03 Total Alkalinity ppm 60
04 Total Hardness ppm 180
05 Calcium ppm 135.07
06 Magnesium ppm 14.83
07 Total Iron ppm 1.7
08 Chloride ppm 50
09 TDS ppm 295
10 Sulphate ppm 10

Treated Water Quality

SL Parameters Unit Value
01 Service Cycle Hrs 12
02 O.B.R. Cu mtr 900-1000
03 pH 6.8-7
04 Turbidity NTU <1
05 TSS ppm <1
06 Total Hardness ppm <5
07 Total Iron ppm NIL
08 Sulphate ppm 9-10



FLOW CHART:

In--- Online Lime Doser --- Aeration Tank with rotary type air blower --- Pump---Iron Filter ---- Softener—Treated Water Tank

UNITS OF THE SYSTEM PROPOSED:

Sr No Item Specification Qty Amount(Rs.)
1 Online Lime Doser with storage tank 01
2 Aeration tank RCC Tank 01
3 Rotary type air blower aeration grid in aeration tank 01
4 Main Water pump from aeration tank to Iron Filter 1W+1S
5 Pipe and Fittings LOT
6 Iron removal filter 80.00 CuM / Hr 01
7 Water Softener, 1000 CuM / Regn. @ 180 ppm rwh, 80 CuM / Hr 01
8 Treated Water Tank RCC Tank 01 OPTIONAL

NOTE:

The iron removal depends upon dissolved oxygen present in water. Please make sure that the raw water has at least 0.4 ppm dissolved oxygen. Failing which, an aeration system will be added to the Iron removal plant as mentioned in item no 2 & 3 .

So, testing of water sample is the first step.


Thanks & Regards,


Yours Truely,
Envo Projects

(saleem asraf)

9899300371





















TECHNICAL DATA SHEET : Iron Removal Filter


SPECIFICATIONS
- One mild steel welded construction pressure vessel fitted internally, with raw water distribution and filtered water collection system, supporting legs / brackets etc. Necessary manholes and nozzles for inlet, outlet, air release etc. provided on the shell, coated internally with two coats of epoxy paint and externally with two coats of red iron oxide / zinc chromate primer.
- One set of frontal pipe and valves network for operation and control.
- One charge of fresh under bed ( filter media ) topped CATALYST IRON REMOVAL MEDIA

INSTRUMENTATION
- Pressure gauges and sample points at inlet and outlet.

TECHNICAL DATA
Sl.No. Description Data
1. Plant Model : APRO 3000 IRFD
2. Unit diametre mm : 3000
3. Unit H.O.S. mm : 1500
4. Pipe work : MS ERW Black Class ‘B’ all flanged
5. Valves : C.I. Butterfly
6. Size mm NB : 150
7. Filter media : Natural gravel and quartz sand
8. Adsorbent media : CATALYST IRON REMOVAL MEDIA
9. Quantity of adsorbent media Ltrs. : 7000

OPERATIONAL DATA
1. Max. working pressure kgs. / cm2 : 3.5
2. Min. working pressure kgs. / cm2 : 1.0
3. Max. rate of flow m3 / Hr. : 100.0
4. Min. rate of flow m3 / Hr. : 10.0
5. Backwash flow rate m3 / Hr. : 150
6. Backwash period minutes : 15-20
7. Rinse flow rate m3 / Hr. : 50.0
8. Rinse period minutes : 5-10
9. Treated water quality : Dissolved Iron less than 0.1 ppm










TECHNICAL DATA SHEET : DOWNFLOW WATER SOFTENING PLANT


SPECIFICATIONS
- One mild steel welded construction pressure vessel fitted internally with strainer plate at the bottom, raw water and brine distributors at the top and externally with necessary manholes, nozzles for inlet, outlet, air release, resin outlet etc. The vessel coated internally with two coats of anticorrosive epoxy paint and externally with two coats of red iron oxide / zinc chromate primer.

- One open MSRL tank of adequate capacity for brine preparation and measurement. One no. air distributor laid at the bottom for air agitation. The brine tank provided with valves for drain, brine outlet.

- One set of frontal pipe and valves network for operation and control. Pipe work fabricated from MS ERW Black Class ‘B’ pipe and valves to be C.I. diaphragm.

- One set of regeneration assembly comprising of power valve, ejector, brine valve and brine suction line etc. all incorporated into the main pipe work.

- One set of salt saturation system comprising of air blower, air distributor and the interconnecting pipe connection.

- One fresh charge of Ion Exchange Resin ( INDION - 220 Na / Imported Resin ).

- One pressure gauge at inlet and outlet each. One sampling point at outlet.

TECHNICAL DATA
Sl.No. Description Data
1. Plant Model : APRO – 1850 - SDZ
2. Plant Diametre mm : 1850
3. Plant H.O.S. mm : 2600
4. Brine Tank Capacity Ltrs. : 3500
5. Pipework and Valves size mm NB : 150
6. Quantity of Resin Ltrs. : 4000

OPERATIONAL DATA
1 Maximum Treatment Flow m3 / Hr. : 100.00
2 Minimum Treatment Flow m3 / Hr. : 10.00
3 Designed Treatment Flow m3 / Hr. : 80.00
4 Regenerant Required : NaCl - Common Salt
5 Quantity Required per Regeneration : 600 kgs.
6 Treated Water Hardness : Below 5 ppm
7 Net output per Regeneration m3 : 1000 M³ at 180 ppm

(MANAGEMENT) Delegating work? 5 must-avoids you must know

Delegating work? 5 must-avoids you must know

Anil T http://www.rediff.com/getahead/2007/jan/16delegate.htm

Though people do try to delegate smartly, it often becomes difficult to do so. As usual, this can be analysed down to a simple list of easily avoidable mistakes. These include:

1. Not defining a clear 'follow-up and finish' schedule

"Typically, all I get in the e-mail is an FYA (For Your Action)," says Vaibhav Sankule, who works as an IT Analyst with a leading technology firm.

His case epitomises the prevailing trend to treat a task as an 'out of sight, out of mind' issue. Delegating a task is only the beginning; you need to keep track of it until it is executed.

"To do this well, we need to ask ourselves three simple questions," says Pune-based corporate trainer Asha Chander, who conducts regular sessions on time management.

When and how frequently should I do a status check?
What is the end date for the task?
What are the parameters against which I will assess the work to see if it has been satisfactorily done?
"If you can do this, even in a simple excel sheet, and review it frequently, your tracking will improve dramatically," she adds.

2. Dictating, not delegating

Those used to running the show by themselves often end up micromanaging when they delegate to others. The best way to assess the degree of handholding required is by matching the person with the task. As a general rule the lesser the experience, the more explicit the delegation. It also makes sense to monitor things closely if the situation is changing rapidly.

"We monitor our new employees extensively to ensure they get the process right initially," says Ashwin Mascerenhas, who works with a banking BPO. "However, after about three to four months, we just do a daily review of the tasks and follow up on the pending ones".

3. Delegating to the wrong person

However much we globalise, Indian firms, and Indians in particular, tend to be protocol conscious. More importance is given to who the task is being delegated too rather than what is being delegated.

"That means if you follow the wrong path, your tasks might become low priority, even though they may have a high business impact. Conversely, if you go through the right people, or have the right person forwarding your request, things get done in a jiffy," says Sankule.

"You also need to be careful to delegate to someone who is your equal or junior to you in the hierarchy. If you send it to someone higher, even unknowingly, chances are they will consider it an affront. Even if you are lucky, and that does not happen, it might look like an escalation and not a delegation to your counterpart in another division."

4. Delegating what you can eliminate

As a thumb rule, you should follow the 'eliminate, automate, delegate sequence' for routine tasks.

Even if the task is mundane and boring, it's good to give credit to your team members and encourage them for even small improvements.

"When everyone today is a knowledge worker and well-educated, a person can easily differentiate between a growth opportunity and something that has been dumped on him/ her," says Chander.

5. Playing passing the parcel (sub-delegating and cross-delegating unnecessarily)

The party game Passing The Parcel gives an interesting insight into the practice of delegation. In the game, people sit in a circle and pass a parcel around until the music stops. When it does, the person with the parcel has to perform a punishment -- usually a comic task -- given by the other players. He/ She has to then leave the game. After multiple such rounds of music, the last person who remains wins.

Sometimes, a hot issue in a company is treated in a similar manner. It just gets passed around, until the senior management steps in. In the meanwhile, the matter is needlessly degated from A to B and onwards because nobody wants to be holding this particular 'parcel' when the 'music stops'.

Honestly, in some situations, such a situation is unavoidable. But if you really care about adding value, it helps to stop the unnecessary rounds. Speaking up will result temporary unpopularity but, in the long run, if you are at the right place, it will be much appreciated.

As you move higher and the scope of work you handle grows, delegating will become even more importance. Understanding these don'ts will go a long way in helping you master this skill.

Summing up, Mascerenhas adds, "The corporate hierarchy is like a game of Snakes And Ladders. Except here, instead of rolling the dice, it's the phone number that you dial (to delegate) that makes the difference and decides how you will grow."

(WATER TREATMENT INDIA) New technology to remove arsenic from water developed

http://www.hinduonnet.com/holnus/218200611131220.htm

New technology to remove arsenic from water developed

New Delhi, Nov. 13 (PTI): An inexpensive technique to remove arsenic from drinking water has been developed, a finding that could be of help to millions of people living in India and other developing countries.

It is through nanotechnology -- the manipulation of materials so tiny that they are measured in nanometers or one billionth of a metre -- that the hazardous elements in drinking water could be removed.

This discovery of ultra-small specks of rust or crystals of magnetite by scientists at Rice University Centre for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology (CBEN) in Houston has been described in the journal 'Science' where it has been mentioned that thousands of cases of arsenic poisoning each year are linked to posioned wells.

The researchers said arsenic contamination in drinking water is a global problem and while there are other ways to remove arsenic, they require extensive hardware and high-pressure pumps than run on electricity.

Scientists said their approach involves nanoparticles of iron oxide that can be produced cheaply by heating mixture of rust and vegetable oil.

Iron can bond with arsenic and hence could help remove arsenic from drinking water by simply adding rusty and then removing the bonded partciles with a magnet.

After making crystals of magnetite, they found that when they were smaller than 12 nanometers, 5,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair, they were 100 or 1,000 times more effective at removing toxic contaminants like arsenic from water than exisiting filters.

According to Vicki Colvin, the center director and the lead author of the study, magnetic particles this small were thought to only interact with a strong magnetic field.

"Because we had figured out how to make these particles in different sizes, we decided to study how big magnetic field we needed to pull the particles out of suspension. We were surprised to find that even hand-held magnets could move the nanoparticles," he said.

In an effort to find out the risks of the arsenic residue being consumed, scientists also plan to undertake field tests.

(WATER TREATMENT INDIA ) Low-cost remedies to remove arsenic

Low-cost remedies to remove arsenic
http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=2004060200151100.htm&date=2004/06/02/&prd=bl&

A STAINLESS steel filter device has been found effective in the removal of arsenic from contaminated drinking water and in making it safe for human consumption.

Interestingly, the filter medium itself is a processed waste material from the steel industry. The device is easy to operate and affordable, even for use in households, according to researchers at the Naval Materials Research Laboratory (NMRL), Ambernath, Maharastra.

Six prototypes of the arsenic removal filter have been put through field trials in the arsenic-affected villages of West Bengal for more than six months.

NMRL, a laboratory under the Defence Research and Development Organisation (DRDO), has filed for a national patent for the process and an international patent (US) for the product (filter).

The main investment (one-time) in the novel device is around Rs 500 for the stainless steel filter and Rs 150for the plastic parts.

The cost of removing arsenic from the contaminated waters works out to Rs 27-30 per 1,000 litres of water.

The life of the filter is five years and it requires little maintenance — just the normal washing and replacement of active ingredients. It does not require power (electricity or battery) and is easy to operate and maintain.

The wastes generated can be converted into cement bricks that can be used for construction, say the NMRL scientists.

Explaining the use of the device, Dr Narayan Das, Director, and Ms Kshipra Misra, Scientist, NMRL, said the filter works on the principle of co-precipitation and adsorption, which is followed by filtration through treated sand. The medium used in the filter is a processed waste of the steel industry and is easily available.

The device has three containers. The reactant material is placed in the first, and the sand-bag in the second.

The water contaminated with arsenic is allowed to flow into the first container, through the second and through the cloth filters. The water thus filtered is collected in the bottom-most container.

The reactant material and sand are periodically replaced, according to the usage.

There are several waste-water treatment technologies and kits for removal of arsenic available in the market.

Their high cost, problems of waste disposal and effect on the environment have been major limitations to their acceptability, said the scientists from the Marine Biology and Environmental Sciences Division of NMRL.

Interestingly, the device was judged one of the most innovative technologies and, recently, NMRL has successfully transferred the technology to the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad (IIMA). The technology has been given on a non-exclusive basis, Ms Misra said.

The next phase of the development involves the fabrication of community type filter devices that can be used in hospitals and schools, and to meet the safe drinking water demands of larger communities.

For this, NMRL has entrusted the job to the Indian Institute of Technology, Mumbai (IIT). A one-year project for the development of prototypes has been finalised, Ms Misra said.

An alarming 66 million people in the Indo-Gangetic belt and around 55 million people in neighbouring Bangladesh are exposed to the threat of arsenic poisoning as the water sources are contaminated.

The levels of arsenic found in drinking water range from 50 ppb (parts per billion) to 20 ppm (parts per million) in parts of Bihar, West Bengal and Chattisgarh States, as against 10 ppb stipulated by the WHO.

The problem of arsenic in groundwater is not unique to India. Reports of arsenic poisoning have emerged from China, Taiwan, Mongolia, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Vietnam and even the UK, though the levels are far lower.

What happens if people drink arsenic contaminated water for long periods? The known health effects are skin cancer, bronchitis, conjunctivitis and cirrhosis.

NMRL scientists have installed arsenic removal filters in Kamdevkati and Chatra villages of 24 Paraganas District, one of the worst affected in West Bengal, and have run trials in association with `Save the Environment', an NGO and the AIIHPH (All-India Institute of Hygiene and Public Health) in September 2003.

The arsenic and iron concentration fell well below the WHO/EPA drinking water standards of less than 10 ppb and less than 300 ppb respectively.

The filtered water quality is being monitored by the NMRL team and the AIIHPH.

The Jadhavpur University has done an extensive study of the prevalence of arsenic pollution in groundwater in West Bengal and the State Government has also initiated steps to control this growing menace.

The Hyderabad-based National Geophysical Research Institute (NGRI), has also done studies to get to the source of the problem.

Four foreign funding agencies have also joined hands with the environmental engineering cell of Bengal Engineering College to install 85 arsenic-removing units in three districts of West Bengal.

They are: Water For People (a non-governmental organisation based in North America), Rotary Club of Puerto Rico, US-based Conrad N. Hilton Foundation and Das Foundation.

Bengal Engineering College, a deemed university, has installed 10 such units in 24 North Parganas.

The university has an arsenic removal unit, a device that uses activated alumina and is attached to the hand-pumped tubewells.

The alumina absorbs the arsenic and raw iron present in the water. One unit can treat 6,000 litres of water per day.

There is an ongoing Indo-Australian initiative to examine the steps being taken to eliminate arsenic and recommend cost-effective and ecologically sustainable approaches.

The Murdoch University of Australia and the Regional Research Laboratory (RRL), Bhubaneshwar are the lead organisations in this project.

The Australian Agency for International Development (AusAID) has extended support of Rs 2.7 crore. The AusAID also supports a major project in Bangladesh, where arsenic pollution is severe.

While in the short term there is an urgent need to provide immediate relief to those suffering from the ill-effects of drinking water contaminated by arsenic, the long-term solution has to be based on an scientific assessment of the reasons, sources and geographical spread of the problem and in choosing technologies that are effective and affordable, suggest the NMRL scientists.