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Sunday, September 25, 2011

Your personal space is your personal space. Respect it.NEVER SHARE PERSONAL THINGS ON FACEBOOK or twitter

"Much like the media, social networking sites reach everybody.Most status updates and pictures are to show how witty you are, a perception that is you.ITS A SUPERFICIAL WORLD.Your personal space is your personal space. Respect it.NEVER SHARE PERSONAL THINGS ON FACEBOOK. A rule of thumb is to announce in FACEBOOK only the positive - a new job, a celebration or new degree. Steer clear of washing dirty linen in public. Do not talk about your bad day at work , about your boss , client or your unpleasant marriage. Remember: 500 friends of friends do not need to know.

Your personal space is your personal space. Respect it.NEVER SHARE PERSONAL THINGS ON FACEBOOK. A rule of thumb is to announce in FACEBOOK only the positive - a new job, a celebration or new degree. Steer clear of washing dirty linen in public. Do not talk about your bad day at work , about your boss , client or your unpleasant marriage. Remember: 500 friends of friends do not need to know.

1. ADD GIRLS YOU THINK ARE CUTE
Spend a couple of hours per week, adding 5 to 10 girls you think are cute or really hot as a friend. Write an intriguing opening line in the “add message” box that pops up.
If you can’t think of anything funny or intriguing to say, just forget the message and add her as a friend anyway. Make sure your photos are up to date – Keep them fresh, like within the last couple of months .No nude girl photos in your album.

2. GET FAMILIAR WITH HER PAGE
Spend 15 minutes skimming through her about page, interests, past wall posts in her timeline and photos. Just get a good understanding of who she is, what she’s about and how she interacts with her friends.This will give you a better overview of her.
3. COMMENT ON NEW PHOTOS, VIDEOS AND STATUS UPDATES
When she posts a new photo, video or status update that you like, comment on it with a funny or positive message. Keep doing this for about 3 weeks, so she becomes familiar with you. Always post a funny comment or don’t post anything at all. Women like funny guys but if you’re always trying to be funny, it can wear thin pretty quickly. So use the funny lines every so often
4. SEND THE FIRST MESSAGE
After you’ve posted a few comments and liked her status updates, photos, videos etc, go ahead and message her to get the ball rolling.

Keep it brief, ask her opinion on something, so that she will likely respond. Women just can’t resist offering advice, it’s like breathing for them.If she responds to every message, it means she like you… so keep it up. Each message should be short and sweet, but you should be trying to connect with her. Try to really understand what she lives for, how she feels, and who she really is. Go with that goal and your conversations will be more interesting and connected.

Saturday, September 17, 2011

healthy foods that fight cholesterol and wil keep your heart healthy


Take to healthy foods that fight cholesterol and wil keep your heart healthy. 
1. AVOID RED MEAT.
2. Eat TWO RAW GARLIC CLOVES  every night .
3.Ayurvedic medicines like  ashwagandha and arjun are the best.
4.Eat lots of whole fruit ( not juices )
5.Handful of nuts ( Almond )
6.Restrict sugar
7.Lots of Water

THE DAILY MANTRA : ONE BOWL OF OATS EVERYDAY
Oats: 
Dietary fibre plays an important role in maintaining our health and protecting us against many diseases like diabetes, heart disease. Oats, oat bran, and oatmeal contain a specific type of fibre known as beta-glucan. It is a soluble fibre that helps in decreasing LDL (bad cholesterol). One of the special things about the way oats work unlike other fibres is that it lowers only bad cholesterol while levels of good cholesterol (HDL) remain unchanged. This means an even better ratio between total cholesterol and HDL, ensuring increased protection against heart disease. Oatmeal is the only wholegrain food recognised by the FDA to lower cholesterol and the risk of heart disease, thereby allows its claim as a heart protective ingredient in food labels. Studies also show that in individuals with high cholesterol (above 220 mg/dl), consuming just 3 grams of soluble oat fibre per day (an amount found in a bowl of oatmeal) typically lowers total cholesterol.
OTHER THINGS YOU MAY CONSIDER : 

Soyabean: 
Soy protein protects against various heart diseases and hypercholesterolemia as it decreases LDL (bad cholesterol) significantly, increases HDL (good cholesterol) and prevents oxidation of bad cholesterol to prevent oxidation in blood vessels. 

Green tea: 
Several studies have suggested that drinking either green or black tea may lower blood cholesterol concentration, blood pressure and inhibit clotting of blood, providing some protection against cardiovascular disease. While green tea benefits arise from catechins, black tea benefits arise from theaflavins, both of which inhibit oxidation of bad cholesterol LDL. Tea contains significant amounts of folic acid. Folic acid helps reduce the risk of heart disease and cancer. A person could obtain up to 25 per cent of RDA for folic acid by drinking five cups a day. 

Barley ('jau'): 
Several scientific researches have found that barley has some unique health-promoting effects, particularly for the heart. Its cholesterol fighting effects seem to be even more promising than oats. Studies suggest that barley can lower cholesterol levels as much as 15 per cent in individuals with elevated cholesterol levels. 
Like oats, barley too is a good source of "beta glucan", a water soluble form of fibre, which seems to retard fat and cholesterol absorption by the intestine. The fibre tends to bind bile salts, thus increasing cholesterol removal from the body, and fat soluble substances, tocotrienols (vitamin E) appear to suppress cholesterol synthesis by the liver. 

Psyllium husk: (ISABGUL)
The good old 'Isabgol' is high in insoluble fiber (hemi-cellulose) and soluble fibre. Psyllium has also been known to exhibit cardio-protective role as it helps in lowering blood cholesterol, especially the undesirable fraction of serum cholesterol, lowdensity lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, apo-lipoprotein B and reducing inflammation. Cholesterol lowering properties of psyllium can be attributed to its high fibre content and presence of beta-sitosterol (a phyto-chemical). 

Landfill Leachate Treatment


Landfill Leachate Treatment

Landfill leachate is generated from liquids existing in the waste as it enters a landfill or from rainwater that passes through the waste within the facility. The leachate consists of different organic and inorganic compounds that may be either dissolved or suspended. An important part of maintaining a landfill is managing the leachate through proper treatment methods designed to prevent pollution into surrounding ground and surface waters


The physical appearance of leachate when it emerges from a typical landfill site is a strongly odoured black, yellow or orange coloured cloudy liquid. The smell is acidic and offensive and may be very pervasive because of hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur rich organic species such asmercaptans.

If leachates have a distinguishing characteristic, it is that they are variable.  Flows change based on the weather  – increasing during rainy periods, decreasing during dry and waste concentrations can change dramatically over the life of the landfill.   As a result, no landfill leachate is constant over time, and no two leachates are the same.

When the landfill is a few years old the dominated fermentation phase is acidogenic and the leachate generated is generally referred as “young”.In that case, COD and BOD reaches very high concentrations. The ratio of BOD/COD is higherthan 0.7 and pH is low due to the high concentrations VFAs. Landfill grater than 10 years old aregenerally in the methanogenic phase and theleachate generated is referred to as “old”. Duringthe methanogenic phase, bacterias are degradingthe VF-acids and reduce the organic strength ofleachate, leading to the pH value higher than 7.In “old” leachate BOD decreases faster than CODand the radio BOD/COD is stabilized on the levelless than 0.2 [2,4].Anaerobic treatmentprocess is used mainly for young landfill leachate,which BOD5 and BOD5/COD ratio is very high[2]. However, Kettunen, et al. [10] performedthe treatment with UASB reactor were municipal landfill leachate was having COD higher than800 mg × dm−3 and the BOD/COD radio washigher than 0.3.Anaerobic processes of landfill leachate inUASB reactor allow complete removal of CODfrom 65 to 76% and BOD5 removal beyond90% [11].

 

Table 1

Characteristics of landfill leachate 

Parameter Value

COD, mg O2 × dm−3 3500–4200

BOD5, mg O2 × dm−3 380–420

pH 8.2–8.4

Alkalinity mg CaCO3 × dm−3 4900–5200

Chloride mg Cl−× dm−3 1800–2500

Ammonia nitrogen, mg NH4+× dm−3890–994

VFA, mg CH3COOH × dm−3 500–900

landfill leachate  quantity , 5%

UNITS OF TREATMENT OF LANDFILL LEACHATE:

1.      Collection Sump: Areas in which rainfall is higher than average typically have larger sumps. A further criterion for sump planning is accounting for the pump capacity. The relationship of pump capacity and sump size is inversed. If the pump capacity is low, the volume of the sump should be larger than average. It is critical for the volume of the sump to be able to store the expected leachate between pumping cycles. This relationship helps maintain a healthy operation. Sump pumps can function with preset phase times. If the flow is not predictable, a predetermined leachate height level can automatically switch the system on. Other conditions for sump planning are maintenance and pump drawdown. Collection pipes typically convey the leachate by gravity to one or more sumps, depending upon the size of the area drained. Leachate collected in the sump is removed by pumping.

2.    UASB Reactor:

3.     Clarifier Tank :

4.    Clear Water Tank:

5.     Activated Carbon Filter:


LITERATURE STUDY: WASTE TO ENERGY CONCEPTS


Energy recovery as electric power is a feature of all waste-to-energy systems.

Evaluation of the applicability of the technologies of biomethanation, gasification/pyrolysis,incineration and landfilling as Waste-to-Energy options, and their comparison against composting as a competing technology for waste disposal, has shown the following:

Biomethanation has emerged as a favoured technology for various urban and industrial waste.
Gasification/pyrolysis have a distinct promise, and although there are limitations to its uptake, these can be overcome as the technology matures.
Incineration is a mature technology for energy recovery from urban and industrial wastes and has been sucessfully commercialized in the developed countries. The recent focus has been on environmental compliance due to which it will become an expensive option.
The present trend is in favour of material recovery facilities and a shift away from landfills for MSW disposal in developed countries.
Compositing is not a WTE option and does not come out as worthwhile waste treatment process.
Technologies like landfill with gas recovery and composting can become viable options for certain locations in India, as a short to medium term option.

 

Landfill Leachate Treatment Technologies

Landfill leachate may be characterized as a water-based solution of four groups of contaminants ; dissolved organic matter (alcohols, acids, aldehydes, short chain sugars etc.), inorganic macro components (common cations and anions including sulfate, chloride, Iron, aluminium, zinc and ammonia), heavy metals (Pb, Ni, Cu, Hg) , and xenobiotic organic compounds such as halogenatedorganics, (PCBs, dioxins, etc.).[4]

Leachate treatment technologies fall into two basic types, biological and physical/chemical. In larger systems and depending on the treatment goals, integrated systems which combine the two are often used.
The typical processes used for pretreatment include equalization, aeration, pH adjustment and metals removal.

The most common biological treatment is activated sludge - a suspended-growth process that uses aerobic microorganisms to biodegrade organic contaminants in leachate. With conventional activated-sludge treatment, the leachate is aerated in an open tank with diffusers or mechanical aerators. After the aeration phase, the mixed liquor of microorganisms and leachate is pumped to a gravity clarifier.
The rotating biological contactor (RBC) is an attached-growth, aerobic, biological treatment process in which a series of discs are partially submerged in a tank of leachate. The disks eventually develop a slime layer, then rotational shear forces strip off the excess solids and carry them with the effluent to a clarifier, where they are settled and separated from the treated waste.
The carbon technique removes dissolved organics from the leachate. Although carbon systems may be useful with some older leachates, the cost of the carbon in the regeneration stage can make the process one of the most expensive treatment options.
Advanced Treatment The new landfill regulations have made some treatment systems obsolete. Many landfill operators are now choosing new systems that produce a cleaner effluent and can reduce capital and operating expenses. Such systems include:
* Recirculation and Injection. Direct recirculation distributes the leachate onto the landfill in a semi-closed loop process. While promising, this system has limitations of recirculating 100 percent of the leachate without literally soaking the landfill.
* Membrane Solution. Membrane technology can be adapted to many steps of purification and keep clean-up standards at a high level. Membranes can remove contaminants without extensive biological infrastructure or toxic chemicals.
* Reverse Osmosis (RO). Prior to 1988, reverse osmosis wasn't able to treat leachate successfully due to the core membrane design of spiral-wound modules, which were state-of-the-art at that time. While this method produced efficient results, it also promoted bio-fouling and premature clogging.
Disc Tube technology, developed by the Rochem Group, has been installed in more than 35 European landfills to treat feed waters that would foul conventional RO configurations. After the contaminated water is fed into the tubular chamber, its flow is controlled as it passes through a system of discs and over flat membrane cushions, removing clean water and concentrating the waste material. The turbulent flow reduces the membranes' tendency to scale or foul and requires cleaning less frequently.
The system removes heavy metals, suspended solids, ammonia and hazardous non-degradable organics including pesticides and herbicides without extensive pre-treatment systems. The pure water is clean enough for direct discharge into the environment and accounts for 75 to 92 percent of the leachate. The remaining concentrate can then be recycled to the landfill or further processed.

Siemens Water Technologies' PACT® systems combine biological treatment (activated sludge) with adsorption (powdered activated carbon) so that physical and biological treatment occur simultaneously. The system removes biodegradable and non-biodegradable pollutants in a single process

The most cost effective form of treatment for high levels of BOD, COD and ammonia is intense biological oxidation, and in the UK the sequential batch reactor is the most common technology used. The sequence batch reactor (SBR) is a form of activated sludge treatment.
Granular activated carbon, in combination with biological pretreatment, is a proven and economical technology which is effective in reducing Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Adsorbable Organic Halogens (AOX), pesticides, solvents, organic compounds and other toxic substances to the strictest legal National and EC norms. The chemical composition and content of landfill leachate can vary greatly between landfill sites. The age of the landfill, type of waste and treatment processes already in operation are the parameters to be considered.
COD levels can range from 200mg/l to 2000mg/l. Carbon consumption is normally dependent upon the COD adsorption rather than the AOX. Therefore COD will be the determining factor in estimating carbon consumption.

However, an aerobic system must be used after the UASB reactor for the effluent to meet the standards defined for the proposed disposal method.

 

Combined treatment of leachate from sanitary landfill and municipal wastewater by UASB reactors

This study showed the potential of anaerobic treatment in an UASB reactor treating a combination of domestic wastewater and leachate in a 5% volumetric ratio of leachate. Under these conditions the reactor assimilated properly the leachate fraction incorporated. With a HRT of 8 h and a mean volumetric organic load of 2.84 kg m(-3) d(-1) COD removal efficiencies around 70% were obtained,
When installing a leachate treatment system, choose a plan that will provide the maximum amount of long-term flexibility to assure compliance with future regulations and discharge standards.
LEACHATE RECYCLE  CONCEPT :The major objective of gas studies is directed towards maximizing production rates of gas by biodegradation of the waste while simultaneously reducing the period of time that gas is evolved by recycling leachate. It describes potential means of managing both leachate quality and quantity by leachate recirculation to aid in decomposition of the waste while also treating the organic material in the leachate and reducing the quantity of leachate that must be treated and hauled away from the site.