In vessel composting (IVC)

Introduction:

In vessel composting (IVC) is a managed process in which biodegradable waste is broken down by naturally occurring microorganism with oxygen to produce a stabilized residue called COMPOST.

 

Inputs:

Biodegradable Municipal waste (BMW), Agriculture waste, Food processing waste.

Process:

Waste is collected and brought to the site where it is first sorted out and shredded to a consistant size. It is than put inside a closed reactor where the composting process is speeded up through the management of water, air and heat. This process is typically takes between 7 to 21 days. The material is than subject to another screening to remove any trace of metals and goes through a further maturation period of upto 10 weeks in a shed. It can than be used as compost or soil conditioner

 

OUTPUT:

One Ton of BMW will produce approx. 500 KG of compost.

 

 

 

In-vessel composting is an industrial form of composting biodegradable waste that occurs in enclosed reactors. These generally consist of metal tanks or concrete bunkers in which air flow and temperature can be controlled. In-vessel composting can also refer to aerated static pile composting with the addition of removable covers that enclose the piles.

Offensive odours are caused by excess nitrogen or moisture. This may be controlled with a higher carbon to nitrogen ratio or increased aeration by ventilation, mixing, or by using a coarser grade of carbon material. Insects may be controlled by keeping the bin enclosed with the minimum size vents necessary for adequate air exchange. Insects outside the bin enter through the vents and tend to stay inside where the food is. A relatively dry layer of carbon material on top of the compost filters odors and, given adequate ventilation, maintains a moisture gradient that helps keep insects inside where the moisture is.

An in-vessel composting apparatus for continuous processing of food waste into bulk composting material and liquid compost tea, comprising: an insulated apparatus enclosure, a rotable horizontal drum with an input end having an axial input port and an output end having a relatively larger axial discharge port, said drum divided in length by interior partitions into at least first, second and final chambers, each said partition having an axial port by which adjacent said chambers are connected, a compost tea holding tank, means for shredding and inserting said food waste into said first chamber, means for draining and collecting excess fluid from said first chamber, means for passing remaining said food waste in incremental amounts from said first chamber to said second chamber and from said second chamber as bulk composting material into said final chamber, means for permitting low pressure outgassing from said drum, means for measuring temperature in said second chamber, means for incrementally rotating said drum about its axis, means for exchanging air in said drum for outside air, means for containing a batch volume of said excess fluid at elevated temperature for a predetermined holding period, means for percolating said batch volume of excess fluid into said final chamber and out of said final chamber as compost tea into said compost tea holding tank, and an operator station and a controller, said controller communicating with said means for shredding and inserting, said means for incrementally rotating said drum, said means for measuring temperature, said means for exchanging air, and said operator station, said means for shredding and inserting comprising an input hopper connecting to a multi-toothed rotary shredding mechanism connecting to an auger and chute assembly connecting to said axial input port of said input end of said drum, said axial ports being of sequentially larger diameter from said input port to said discharge port, said chambers further comprising interior structure for tumbling contents during rotation, said structure oriented parallel to said axis of said drum, said means for incrementally rotating said drum comprising a base frame with drum supports and drum support rollers upon which said drum rests, and a motorized drum drive system comprising a motor and gearbox attached to said base frame and coupled to said drum by at least one endless belt, said means for exchanging air in said drum for outside air comprising an exhaust fan and duct, said duct connecting to said drum in the vicinity of said input end.

Operation & Control

Before the biodegradable organic waste is loaded into the composting tunnel it must be shredded and provided with the correct level of moisture.

The control of the Composting Process is based on two parameters – the oxygen level and the lowest temperature in the composting waste.

Both these parameters are monitored by the PLC continuously. Each is kept within the operator preset ranges of oxygen level and compost temperature by increasing/decreasing the compost blower speed and admitting fresh air into the compost blower suction duct.

To assist in providing a flexible control system each compost blower speed may be varied.

The speed of each Biofilter blower may also be varied to maintain the required headspace pressure within the tunnel. This is under PLC control and completely automatic once set up.

The control of the plant must rely upon instrumentation to detect conditions throughout the plant.

In-compost temperature monitoring devices are installed at 8 positions along the length of each composting tunnel, plus in the inlet and exhaust ducts for each composting blower, the outlet of each biofilter blower, and the scrubber outlets.

Oxygen level monitoring is provided in the roof of each tunnel.

In each tunnel the pressure in the air space above the compost is monitored and compared with atmospheric air pressure. If the difference exceeds maximum process limits an actuated butterfly valve is automatically opened to atmosphere so that the pressure in the tunnel may remain within the pre-set range. An excessive pressure differential could cause damage to the tunnel doors.

Design & Build

This plant was constructed for Scottish Water to a design by Enviros Consulting of Shrewsbury. It is designed to compost 20,000 tonnes of class 3 waste per year.

The composting plant structure is made up of 4 adjacent tunnels each of which is 25 metres long, 5.3 metres wide, and 5.3 metres high. These tunnels are constructed in reinforced concrete. The roofs are also in reinforced concrete. Each composting tunnel is filled by front loader through the full width and length, and to the required batch height. Each composting tunnel may be operated independently.

The air to each tunnel is supplied through a series of ducts cast into the floor, the air emerging into the compost mass through an array of cast-in plastic nozzles.

A centrifugal blower is provided for each tunnel. This blower may provide up to 8000 m³/hour of air into the underfloor aeration system.

The suction side of the blower is connected to the airspace above the composting material so that the composting blower acts to continuously re-circulate the same mass of air through the compost. Fresh air is provided by a branch pipe on the suction side of the composting blower. Control of the fresh air inlet is effected using a modulating square damper in the branch pipe.

A second centrifugal blower (3000 m³/hr capacity) is provided for each tunnel to draw off exhaust air displaced by any fresh air introduced into the system.

These four exhaust blowers discharge into two air ducts which lead into two proprietary Scrubbers — designed, manufactured and installed by Forbes of Norfolk. The Scrubbers act to remove ammonia and particulates from the airflow and to ensure that its humidity remains high. The Scrubbers also cool the airflow. This ensures that the air outflow from the Scrubbers may be successfully deodorised by the bacteria living on the media within the Biofilter tunnels.

The whole of the Biofilter Blower airflow therefore passes through the Scrubbers and the Biofilters, and is then exhausted to atmosphere.

The Biofilter consist of 2 adjacent rooms — constructed in pre-cast concrete sections - which contain permeable media upon which de-odourising bacteria are grown.

All above-ground air ducting was fabricated in polypropylene pipe (SDR 33) using the butt fusion process, and incorporating various flanged connections to facilitate disassembly. The discharge duct from each Biofilter blower (into the Scrubber) is in round stainless steel ducting, flanged to suit. The manifold connecting each Composting Blower discharge to the four cast-in re-circulating air pipes per tunnel is also fabricated in stainless steel.

Saleem Asraf Syed Imdaadullah
Mobile : 9899300371
311/22,Zakir Nagar,New Delhi-110025
email: saleemasraf@gmail.com
BLOG: http://saleemindia.blogspot.com

Household waste from UK dumped in India

Household waste from UK dumped in India

LONDON: Household waste collected weekly across Britain for recycling is 
being shipped and dumped in India, according to an investigation by 
ITVs 'Tonight programme'.

As part of country's efforts to go green and improve the environment, UK 
councils ask households to carefully separate waste into different 
categories: plastics, metal, paper and glass so that they all can be 
recycled.

But, according to the investigation, they were shipped to India on the 
waste black market, which is cheaper. It costs up to 148 pounds to recycle 
a tonne of rubbish once it is separated but only 40 pounds to ship it to 
India.

The investigation found that a receipt put into a paper recycling bin in 
Essex turned up at the top of a stinking rubbish mount in Tamil Nadu. It 
was traced to the Walton-on-the-Naze home of Geoff Moore.

His receipt for CDs was found by investigators from ITV's 'Tonight' 
programme at a sprawling rubbish tip in Tamil Nadu. They also found juice 
cartons, British newspapers, Walkers crisp packets, UK school reports and 
plastic bags.

All UK councils are required to recycle. But after householders separate 
their rubbish and bin workers collect it, councils pass it on to waste 
firms, who in turn use subcontractors. They are under no obligation to 
reveal what they actually do with it.

European Union law bans sending waste abroad for dumping but allows it to 
go overseas if it has already been separated and provided that it is 
actually recycled, according to the Sunday Mirror.

The Environment Agency promised to investigate the matter.

Paul Bettison of the Local Government Authority Environment Board called 
for a change in the law and said "if a contractor refuses to reveal where 
materials are being sold it can undermine the whole process."

srinivas kasulla
09869179601

hajj advisory

NOTE FROM COMPILER:

      THE INTENTION OF THIS POST IS TO SHARE INFORMATION FOR THE BENEFIT OF ALL PEOPLE.PLEASE SHARE IT WITH YOUR RELATIVES AND FRIENDS.MAYBE IT WILL HELP SOMEBODY.ITS "SADAQA JAARIYAH" TO SPREAD KNOWLEDGE THAT HELPS OTHERS.IT IS NEVER MEANT FOR SHOW OFF WHICH IS A BIG SIN..

How to do tamattu  haj

PRIMARY AIM OF HAJJ :

To remain at all times focused on the primary aim of his Hajj: to plead to

The Almighty to forgive his sins and to bless him with The Straight Path for

the remainder of his life. it is the starting point of one's commitment to

cast away one's bad ways and to begin afresh a new Allah-centred life.

A. Some useful information (Advisory) for hajj:

1. Medicines: Take medical prescription alongwith you. Most pilgrims will

suffer from one or more of the following: sore throat, coughing, frequent

sneezing, runny nose , fever, leg cramp , foot sore. Bring enough supplies of over the counter medicine on advice of your personal doctor with his rubber stamped prescription containing his registration number

. This will reduce the need to make frequent trips to the makkah medina indian

pharmacy and also lower your out of pocket expenses.

2. Take multivitamins daily as you may not be eating a balanced diet

there. You may want to consider a diet of bottled water, jamjam water, dates and fruits as this will reduce the need to go to the toilet frequently. This diet may also help to keep you more alert and not make you feel 'sleepy'. You will thus

have more time to worship.

3. The Hajj pilgrimage involves a lot of walking. If you don't go for daily

walks at home, begin it well before your journey to The Holy Land. This will

reduce the likelihood of getting muscle pulls and cramps. The tawaf, sa'ee,

and the frequent daily walks to The Mosque will help to improve your health.

Do not stop this habit of walking when you return home. You must to be in

the best of health to concentrate fully on your worship wherever you are.

4. You are never more than a foot from another pilgrim when you are in

Mecca during the peak period of the pilgrimage. Cover your nose and mouth

with a mask when you leave your hotel/apartment to reduce the likelihood of

infection. You can get a good quality washable mask at the pharmacies

there.

5. If you wear glasses, bring along an extra pair, preferably one with a

plastic frame. The likelihood of your glasses falling down and being stepped

on by sudden movements of the crowd are high. As an additional cover, bring

along your glass prescriptions as well. There are optical shops near The

Mosque. It is common for those wearing glasses to remove it and place it in 

front before starting their prayer. Never do this in both mosques. The

likelihood of your glasses being stepped on by others is 99%.

6. Flatulence (passing of wind) is an important cause of the loss of wudu. In

the crowd packed Holy Mosques, this can be a big problem. Avoid or reduce

the intake of food that contribute to this problem. If this is a serious

problem for you, consult your doctor. Both herbal and other medications

[antacid antiflatulent] are now available to reduce the occurrence of

flatulence.

7. It is very important that the pilgrim wears his identification tag at all

times he/she is out of his place of accommodation

B. Location map of Kaba and medina in the brain

If I am standing facing the door of the Kaba, On my left its Hazre Aswad ,

than on my right its Hateem and on my back its makame ibraheem and

further behind its zam zam.

Tawaf starts from the black stone hazre aswad. During the peak Haj period, DO NOT attempt to kiss The Black Stone hazre aswad.
We used to sit in mataaf facing the kaaba door till all our companions gather at the same place. Similarly we used to gather near the iron gate near jannatul baqi in medina till all our companions gather. Only after that we used to go to our home together. 

Other Items You should Take Along:

1. A 20 Inch suitcase with name, address, passport no, cover no written outside.

2. A small carry bag

3. A warm bed sheet

4. A small bag for Stones to be collected at muzdalifa to throw stone at satan at mina

5. Small Torch

6. Two sets of Ihram ( one towel set and one Cotton set)

7. Towel, small, big, one each

8. Hawai Sappal

9. Watch

10. Cotton Shirts and pant

11. A sweater

12. A waist Belt

13. Tissue papers

14. Medicines with prescription
15. Mobile phone
16. tayammum earth

The following is a list of items of daily use you should carry with you. They will make your life easier, and your stay in Saudi Arabia more comfortable.

1. multi-blade pocket knife, can opener, nail clipper, small scissors.
2. tooth brush, tooth paste, disposable razors, shaving cream, small mirror, comb, toilet paper (2 rolls), napkins, soap (2 cakes), plastic soap dish, small shampoo bottle, deodorant, chapstick, small vaseline, tooth picks.
3. pocket Quran, tasbeeh,pen, pencil, notebook.
4. slippers (flip-flops, thongs, chappals), sneakers, folding umbrella, sunglasses (or clip-on sunshades), small flash light with extra batteries, travel alarm clock, elastic eye-glass holder, baseball cap, 10 zippered sandwich bags, 4 garbage bags, plastic spoons, laundry detergent, 6 plastic grocery bags.
5. towels (2 large, 2 small), musalla (i.e. prayer rug), one heavy sheet, inflatable pillow.

Common medicines required are :

Imodium(Stomach problem), Paracetamol(Fever), Ibuprofen (Pain Releif),Neosporine ointment,Vaselin (For feet), Multivitamines and your regular medicines as given by your doctor.

Medication during Hajj

Gastrointestinal and respiratory infections are very common during Hajj . Carry certain medicines with you for use later.

PREVENTIVE ANTIBIOTICS: Ask your doctor to prescribe a broad-spectrum antibiotic to be taken prophylactically (i.e., as a preventive measure) throughout your stay in Saudi Arabia. This writer's (saleem) doctor prescribed 250 mg of the antibiotic CIPLOX250 to be taken daily once. I never contracted any disease during my stay there but all my team members suffered this and that.

Some people were prescribed AMOXICILLIN in place of CIPLOX250 by doctors and pharmacists with good results. 

1. Take Medicines with prescription

Carry a reasonable supply of over-the-counter drugs such as :

1.Ibuprofen (for pain)

2. TYLENOL PM (as a sleep-aid)

3. BENGAY, ASPERCREME (for muscular pain)

4. IMMODIUM (for diarrhoea)

5. EMETROL (for nausea)

6. Anti Allergic like Cetzine10, Allegra120

7.Paracetamol (Fever),

8. COUGH Syrup

9. MULTI-VITAMINS,

10. ANTI-BACTERIAL CREAM (for cuts) Neosporine ointment, Vaselin(dry weather)

11.BAND-AIDS, Cotton, Dettol

b. Take multivitamins daily as you may not be eating a balanced diet

c. You may want to consider a diet of  jum jum water, dates and fruits as this

will reduce the need to go to the toilet frequently. This diet may also

help to keep you more alert and not make you feel 'sleepy'. You will thus

have more time to worship.

How to do tamattu  haj

Tawaf (Arabic: طواف) is one of the principal rites of the pilgrimage and refers to circumambulating or walking in circles around the Kaaba in an anti-clockwise motion. Seven complete circuits, with each one starting and ending at the hazre aswad the black stone, constitute one Tawaf.
Sa'ee is an Arabic word which means ritual walking or formal procedure defined in Pilgrimage. It is the back and forth movement between the hills of Safa and Marwah in Makkah. It is an integral part of the Hajj and Umrah in Islam.Thus the walk begins at Safa and ends at Marwah. Starting from Safa one should walk to Marwah and this constitutes one walk, from Marwah back to Safa the second and so on up to seven walks finally ending at Marwah.
YOU WILL BE IN IHRAM DURING STAY AT MINA, ARAFAT, MUDALIFAH. Learn dos and donts when in Ihraam.There is no problem in taking insulin injection during ihram by diabetic patients as it is not among the forbidden things in ihram.
For detailed description of hajj pls read this article https://islamqa.info/en/31822

7th zil hajj ;

Take a bath(ghusl) , WEAR IHRAM, pray two rakats sunnat and make niyyat for hajj tamattu. Say Talbiyah (" labbaik....)

Go to kaaba , do TAWAF & SAYEE. If you do sayee now,no need to do sayee in tawaf e ziyarat ( FARZ TAWAAF on 10th zul hajj ) .

8 th zul hajj : Spend the day & night at Mina. Pray five salaats.

we were sent to arafah from mina on the nite itself .

9 th zul hajj: Day of Arafah : From dhuhr to asr, "STAND UP" for prayers & pleadings at Arafah maidan ( inside tent ). "Arafah is Hajj". Keep this in mind.

After sun set at arafat ,we went to mujdalifah and stayed the night there under open sky ( no tent ) . its too cold at night but we cant wear anything as we are in ihraam  , we collected 70 pebbles at mujdalifah. 

10th zul hajj: day of Qurbaani :

on the morning of 10 th zilhaj , we offer fazr prayer at mujdalifah and immidiately move to mina with the stones in hand to stone the big satan.

Five things are to be done serially one after another on the 10th day. You cant break the series atall. or you will have to offer a dum ( a sheep ).

the series is as follows :

1. Stone the big satan ( only the big satan, not the other two) with seven pebbles . you can throw pebbles on behalf of other persons also who cant throw themselves.

2. Do the qurbani ( if you personally want to do the jawah of the sheep than u will have to go to makkah to do so, since we gave the duty of doing the qurbani to a saudi govt. bank , we did not went to makkah, instead we rested at our tent in mina and waited for the qurbaani time to be over )

3.  Shave off hair ( After the qurbaani time is over )

4. Took off Ihraam ( After shaving )

5. immidietly went to makkah to do tawaf e ziyarat ( FARZ TAWAAF ) . In tawaf e ziyarat , we have not done Ramal, Izteba, and sayee.

6. After farz tawaf ,we came back to mina to stay the night at mina tents.

 11 th zul hajj . you stone the three satans , each of them with seven stones after dhuhr prayer ( not before noon ). stay at mina.

 12 th zul hajj . you stone the three satans , each of them with seven stones after dhuhr prayer ( not before noon ). And now, you must leave mina boundary line before maghrib to makkah. if you are in Mina after sunset  , you will have to stay one another day at mina (13 th zul hajj also) and stone the three satans...he he he....and nobody wants to live in mina for another night.

You have now completed Hajj Tamattu Minus Tawaf Al Wada  ( Farewell Tawaf )

BEFORE U LEAVE FOR INDIA :

Before coming back to Home (India) , you do Tawaf al wada, no sayee .

With this last act, by the grace of almighty Allah your tamattu haj is complete.

 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

MY OWN HAJ EXPERIENCE IN 2008

( 03.11.2008) we boarded a  plane at Guwahati Airport (The first direct flight from Guwahati to Jeddah Non Stop) noon time and reached jeddah at maghrib. And travelled by bus to makkah and at isha time we offered our FIRST prayer in life DIRECTLY infront of Kaaba. 
I just cant describe the feeling here. Seeing is only believing. Go for it man when you are young and energetic.

shaving off your head at Mina during haj

Here is one of my haj experience that you may find interesting and informative 
...
at makkah u find barbers to shave off your hairs easily. so many of them are there....shouting at you...kom here kom here...

But on the 10th zulhijjah, at mina, you will not find barbers easily. and you cant shave yourself or your male relative cant shave you if he has not shaved his hair .We want to take off Ihraam fast , so, i searched and searched frantically but could not find any.

nobody there take chances with unknown people . But I asked one boy whether he will shave me, he said yah yah, why not. and now listen how he shaved me. i gave him my razor. he opened the razor set and took out the blade. holding the blade by hand he shaved me in 10 minutes flat. and my head was red here and there with cuts.

my mom was not worried about the cuts , she was worried about the unknown boy and probable infection. i Told mom that I carried the blade from Delhi. (MY OWN BLADE)

After that , i shaved my father and took almost one hour to shave him, isko dekh kar shamim bhai dar gaye and he took a round of the tents at mina aur shamim bhai ko kisi ne kar diyaa ganja,

Summery of the story : Take your own blade with u when u go there. and dont take unnecessary risks.

My HAJ 2008 Photos https://www.flickr.com/photos/saleemindiablog/

I think the book "HOJOLOI OLAOK " in assamese compiled by syed sayeedur rahman is the most easy to follow and step by step haj guide book I have ever found. email: sayeedbinjamal@gmail.com