FABR ( FLUIDIZED AEROBIC BIO REACTOR) WASTE WATER TREATMENT

The treated effluent shall have the following characteristics---

TSS <50ppm

BOD <30 PPM

Considering the raw effluent load as follows:

pH =6.5-7.5

TSS =350 ppn

BOD5 =250 PPM

COD =400 PPM

Oil & grease <40 PPM

TDS =650 PPM

UNITS PROPOSED

1. Screen chamber
2. Oil and grease trap
3. Equalization tank

4. Fluidized Aerobic Bio Reactor (FABR)

5. Tube Settler
6. Chlorine dosing tank
7. Chlorine contact tank

8. Sludge drying beds

AREA REQUIREMENT :

Total TENTATIVE area required for ETP is Size 25. 0 M X 5.0 M)

EM technology

EM Technology Of Waste Water Treatment :

EM - short for "Effective Micro-organisms.
EM is a liquid culture of aerobic and anaerobic micro-organisms mainly sourced from human food processing and from nature. It consists of lactobacilli, yeast, photosynthetic bacteria, ray fungi and filamentous fungi. It does not contain any genetically modified organisms, is safe and easy to handle, and harmless to human health even if accidentally ingested.
EM offers benefits in the following fields of activities: Solid waste management, sewage and effluent treatment, hazardous waste treatment, hygiene management, and environmental regeneration.

METHOD OF PREPARATION OF EM SOLUTION:

One liter of EM stock solution and 2 kg of organically grown jaggery (or of molasses) are to be mixed with 17 liters of water and kept for fermentation for ten days in a 20 liter container.. The water has to be clean and free from chlorine. The container should be of food-grade plastic. (Glass or metal containers are not appropriate as the development of gas may cause the container to break or explode.). It should be clean, not contaminated with chemicals, and have an airtight lid. As little air as possible should be left in the container (between the liquid and the lid). As gas pressure will develop, the lid will have to be opened everyday for a second to release it.
For the period of activation, in tropical regions , the container has to be placed in shade at ambient temperatures (20-40 degrees Celsius) without exposure to strong temperature fluctuations. Depending on actual ambient temperatures, extended EM (abbreviated as EMe or EMa) will be ready after five to ten days: This is verified by a pH of or lower than 3.5 and a pleasant sweet-sour smell.
Thus from one liter of EM stock solution and one kg (or liter) of jaggery, 22 liters activated EM solution ready for use can be produced. In hygiene, EMa is being used full strength or in dilution with water up to 1:100, in farming in dilutions ranging from 1:200 to 1:1,000, and in wastewater treatment diluted (with effluent or sewage) up to several thousand times. With one liter of EM stock solution, 2,200 liters (if EMa is diluted 1:100) or 22,000 liters (if EMa is diluted 1:1,000) of solution can be produced, and even bigger volumes of effluents can be treated.
Package Treatment plant: Upflow aerobic Bio Reactor module The module consists of  a) Bio Reactor with EM technology, b) Tube Settler
The effluent will be pumped at an average flow rate to the Biological reactor. .This is basically attached growth upflow aerobic bio reactor.The flow will be from the bottom of the reactor to the top overflow weir of the reactor.
The biological reactor is fed with 200 Liter of EM solution.
The clarified wastewater collected from the collection launder of reactor is sent to the tube settler.The clarified waste water is sent to the disinfection tank/ sewer.
Because of the new method, the size of the treatment plant reduces by 10 -15 % thereby reducing capital cost.
Also Maintenance cost is minimised .

HOW TO MAKE EM SOLUTION

https://www.smilinggardener.com/soil-food-web/how-to-make-effective-microorganisms/

https://www.smilinggardener.com/sale/effective-microorganisms-and-scd-probiotics#application

The ‘mother culture,’ been created in the lab to very specific specifications with all of these species of beneficial microbes.

Mix mother culture with at least 250 times as much water.

Container Size	Hot Water (80-85%)	Molasses (4%)	Mother Culture (5%)	Sea Minerals (0.25%)
1 pint	1 ¼ Cups	1 ¼ Tbsp	1.5 Tbsp	¼ tsp
1 quart	2.5 Cups	2.5 Tbsp	3 Tbsp	½ tsp
2 quart	5 cups	5 Tbsp	6 Tbsp	1 tsp
1 gallon	10 Cups	⅔ Cup	¾ Cup	2 tsp
5 gallon	4 Gallons	3 ⅓ Cup	4 Cup	3 Tbsp

The percentages don’t add up to 100% because I leave a 5-10% air space on top. Also note that while I’ve given fairly exact numbers above, you don’t have to be nearly that exact. Just try to use a little more EM than molasses.

8. More water. Fill the rest of the bottle up with more hot water, leaving an inch or two of space on top.

9. Shake. Gently, but firmly, like you’re playing shaker in a Sergio Mendes song – not like you’re a machine that shakes paint cans.

10. Warmth. It will do best to sit somewhere between 90-110 degrees Fahrenheit, so put it in the warmest part of your house. I actually put mine in my oven with just the oven light on, and a post it note on the ‘Bake’ button to let the cook of the house know it needs to be removed if any cookies are to be made (learned this one the hard way). It will work okay at 70F, but will take a lot longer.

11. Leave it. I leave the cap off for the first 24 hours, but after that I screw it on tight because this is a fermentation (without air). It will take at least 1 week until it’s okay to start using, and more like 2-4 weeks until it’s really good (or 6-8 weeks if you can’t find a warm place for it to sit). Even at a warm temperature, it’s nice to give it 1-3 months to reach peak perfection. That’s why it’s nice to start this process now, so it’s ready for spring.

12. Burp it. If you don’t have a carboy, you’ll eventually want to ‘burp’ it daily by simply unscrewing and screwing the lid back on, to release the gases that will start forming after 2-5 days depending on the temperature.

13. Test it. Once you’ve been doing this for awhile, you can get a feel for when it’s done by smell and taste, but I still like to do a test with pH paper (or a pH meter) that gives readings in the 2.5 -4 range. Anything below 3.8 and above 2.7 is okay, with 3.0-3.5 being ideal. 3.8 and above are no good.

14. Use it.

Some Health Guidelines for Ramadhaan

 

----- Original Message -----

From: Rehana

Sent: Tuesday, September 18, 2007 5:13 PM

Subject: Some Health Guidelines for Ramadhaan

SOME HEALTH GUIDELINES FOR RAMADHAAN

Dr. Farouk Haffejee

During the holy month of Ramadhan, our diet should not differ very much from our normal diet and should be as simple as possible. The diet should be such that we maintain our normal weight, neither losing nor gaining. However, if one is over-weight, Ramadhan is an ideal time to normalise one's weight.in view of the long hours of fasting, we should consume slow digesting foods including fibre containing-foods rather than fast-digesting foods.Slow digesting foods last up to 8 hours, while fast-digesting foods lastfor only 3 to 4 hours.

Slow-digesting foods are foods that contain grains and seeds like barley, wheat, oats, millet, semolina, beans, lentils, wholemeal flour, unpolished rice, etc. (called complex carbohydrates).

Fast-burning foods are foods that contain sugar, white flour, etc. (called refined carbohydrates).

* Fibre-containing foods are bran-containing foods, whole wheat, grains and seeds, vegetables like green beans, peas, sem(papry), marrow, mealies, spinach, and other herbs like methie,the leaves of beetroot (iron-rich), fruit with skin, dried fruit especially dried apricots, figs and prunes, almonds, etc.

The foods eaten should be well-balanced, containing foods from each food group, i.e . fruits, vegetables, meat/chicken/fish, bread/cereals and dairy products. Fried foods are unhealthy and should be limited. They cause indigestion, heart-burn, and weight problems.

AVOID

1.Fried and fatty foods.

2. Foods containing too much sugar.

3. Over-eating especially at sehri.

4. Too much tea at sehri. Tea makes you pass more urine taking with it valuable mineral salts that your body would need during the day.

5. Smoking cigarettes. If you cannot give up smoking, cut down gradually starting a few weeks before Ramadhan. Smoking is unhealthy and one should stop completely. EAT

1.Complex carbohydrates at sehri so that the food lasts longer making you less hungry.

2.Haleem is an excellent source of protein and is a slow-burning food.

3.Dates are excellent source of sugar, fibre,carbohydrates,potassium and magnesium.

4. Almonds are rich in protein and fibre with less fat.

5.Bananas are a good source of potassium, magnesium and carbohydrates.

DRINK

As much water or fruit juices as possible between iftar and bedtime so that your body may adjust fluid levels in time.

CONSTIPATION

Constipation can cause piles (haemorroids), fissures (painful cracks in anal canal) and indigestion with a bloated feeling.

Causes: Too much refined foods, too little water and not enough fibre in the diet.

Remedy: Avoid excessive refined foods, increase water intake, use bran in baking, brown flour when making roti.

INDIGESTION AND WIND

Causes: Over-eating. Too much fried and fatty foods, spicy foods,and foods that produce wind e.g. eggs, cabbage, lentils, carbonated drinks like Cola also produce gas.

Remedy: Do not over-eat, drink fruit juices or better still drink water.Avoid fried foods, add ajmor to wind-producing foods.

LETHARGY ('low blood pressure')

Excessive sweating, weakness, tiredness, lack of energy, dizziness,especially on getting up from sitting position, pale appearance and feeling faint are symptoms associated with "low blood pressure".

This tends to occur towards the afternoon.

Causes: Too little fluid intake, decreased salt intake.

Remedy: Keep cool, increase fluid and salt intake.

Caution: Low blood pressure should be confirmed by taking a blood pressure reading when symptoms are present. Persons with high blood pressure may need their medication adjusted during Ramadhan. They should consult their doctor.

HEADACHE Causes: Caffeine and tobacco-withdrawal, doing too much in one day, lack of sleep, hunger usually occur as the day goes by and worsens at the end of the day. When associated with "low blood pressure", the headache can be quite severe and can also cause nausea before Iftar.

Remedy: Cut down caffeine and tobacco slowly starting a week or two before Ramadhan. Herbal and caffeine-free teas may be substituted.

Reorganise your schedule during the Ramadan so as to have adequate sleep.

LOW BLOOD SUGAR :Weakness, dizziness, tiredness, poor concentration, perspiring easily, feeling shaky (tremor), unable to perform physical activities, headache, palpitations are symptoms of low blood sugar.

Causes in non-diabetics: Having too much sugar i.e. refined carbohydrates especially at suhur (sehri). The body produces too much insulin causing the blood glucose to drop.

Remedy: Eat something at sehri and limit sugar-containing foods and drinks.

Caution: Diabetics may need to adjust their medication in Ramadan, consult your doctor.

 

MUSCLE CRAMPS Causes: Inadequate intake of calcium, magnesium and potassium foods.

Remedy: Eat foods rich in the above minerals e.g. vegetables, fruit, dairy products, meat and dates.

Caution: Those on high blood pressure medication and with kidney stone problems should consult their doctor.

 

PEPTIC ULCERS, HEART BURN, GASTRITIS AND HIATUS HERNIA

Increased acid levels in the empty stomach in Ramadhan aggravate the above conditions. It presents as a burning feeling in the stomach area under the ribs and can extend upto the throat. Spicy foods, coffee, and Cola drinks worsen these conditions.

Medications are available to control acid levels in the stomach.

People with proven peptic ulcers and hiatus hernia should consult their doctor well before Ramadhan. KIDNEY STONES

Kidney stones may occur in people who have less liquids to drink.

Therefore, it is essential to drink extra liquids so as to prevent stone formation.

 

 JOINT PAINS  Causes: During Ramadhan, when extra salah are performed the pressure on the knee joints increases. In the elderly and those with arthritis this may result in pain, stiffness, swelling and discomfort.

Remedy: Lose weight so that the knees do not have to carry any extra load. Exercise the lower limbs before Ramadhan so that they can be prepared for the additional strain. Being physically fit allows greater fulfilment, thus enabling one to be able to perform salah with ease.

Dr. Farouk Haffejee