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Wednesday, June 08, 2016

WATER TESTING KITS FOR FIELD USE

WATER TESTING KITS FOR FIELD USE

Water is tested in laboratories to find out the minerals present in it along with parameters like pH, conductivity, colour and turbidity. The tests help establish the presence of any parameter and the extent to which it is present in a particular water. Most of the tests are done using the time tested method of titration, using laboratory glassware like burettes, pipettes, conical flasks and beakers. This method still prevails although modern instruments like spectrophotometers, chromatographs, etc have started making their presence felt for testing parameters where the titration method cannot be used.        

Since it is not possible to carry delicate glassware out into the field for field tests, several companies/agencies/NGOs/Government laboratories have done a lot of work to bring out kits which use the titration principles but are light, can stand up to rough 'travel' and still give fairly accurate results. These are field test kits which can be used anywhere and by anyone who can read the instructions. Titration involves using a chemical solution of a known strength in a burette to be added to a sample of water to be tested in a beaker/conical flask. A chemical indicator solution is also added to the water before titration. The solution from the burette is added to the sample in carefully controlled drops with the sample being continuously stirred. This addition is stopped when the colour of the sample changes. The burette reading taken after colour change is multiplied by a specific numerical factor. This gives the quantity of the parameter tested for in the water in terms of mg/litre or parts per million (pm). All titration tests are colorimetric tests where a change in colour is an indication that the presence/absence of the parameter being tested had been ascertained.        

Most of the field test kits operate on the same principle. The kit consists of a sample bottle with a marking on it to indicate that the sample to be tested must be filled up to that mark. Another bottle contains the required chemical solution (which in a lab would be in the burette). This bottle would have a dropper fitted on it. Depending on the parameter to be tested, there would be a small dropper bottle containing the indicator solution (tests for certain parameters may not need such an indicator).To use this kind of a kit, the sample bottle is first rinsed with the water to be tested and then filled up to the mark. The solution from the dropper bottle is added to this sample after adding the recommended drops of indicator solution, a drop at a time, counting each drop. When the colour of the sample changes, the addition of the solution is stopped, number of drops added is multiplied by a factor given in the instruction manual to arrive at the quantity of the parameter in mg/litre of water or ppm.        

Test kits used for testing the bacteriological content in water are slightly different. Some have a bottle in which the sample of water to be tested is put and into which another solution is added. It is then shut and kept for a period of several hours or overnight. If, at the end of this period, the sample has acquired a colour as given in the instructions, it indicates that the sample is bacteriologically contaminated, otherwise not. Another kit used for such tests is called a 'dip slide'. It consists of a slide made of an inert plastic material coated with a nutrient which is kept inside a sealed container. This slide is taken out of the container by breaking the seal of the container, dipped into the sample of water to be tested and then kept aside for several hours or overnight. If, at the end of this period, the slide has acquired or changed colour it is an indication that the sample is contaminated. Tests for bacteriological contamination using such kits only indicate the presence or absence of contamination (also called a GO/NO GO result) and not its extent.        

It is important to remember that all such kits have a shelf life. Once this has expired, the kits must not be used as results will be wrong or inconsistent. Given below is a table of the kits available in the market indicating the parameter, name and manufacturer/supplier from whom they can be procured. The accuracy of the results may not be as accurate as those done in a laboratory. It may be in the range of +/- 5. In the table below, where a multiparameter kit is indicated but not the parameters, it is usually for the parameters which determine the potability of water.  

List of Kits :

Type / Name of Kit
Parameter
Cost (Rs.)
Kits made / sold by Development Alternatives
Jal TARA WTK-14
14 parameters
7913.00*
Jal TARA WTK-11
11 parameters
7238.00*
Jal TARA Mini Kit-I
Fluoride
1220.00*
Jal TARA Mini Kit-II
Nitrate
1474.00*
Jal TARA Mini Kit-III
Iron
1475.00*
Jal TARA Mini Kit-IV
Free chlorine
1138.00*
Jal TARA Mini Kit-V
Arsenic
3073.00*
Jal TARA - Set of 10 tests
Coliform bacteria
290.00* per set
* The cost is inclusive of Basic price, Applicable tax (VAT/CST) and Freight charges.


Important:
All prices for Jal Tara Kits are inclusive of tax and freight.

Manufacturer Details:

Development Alternatives,
Technology and Action for Rural Advancement (TARA)
B-32 Tara Crescent, Qutab Institutional Area,
New Delhi - 110 016, INDIA
Tel: +91-11-685-1158, 696-7938
Fax: +91-11-686-6031;
Website: http://www.devalt.org
More Sources::







Sunday, June 05, 2016

UNDERSTANDING ISLAM BY Dr. Adel Elsaie

                                           

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Q & amp; A - Dr Zakir Naik - About Different Sects in Islam


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Muslim society is divided into many sects
Associate Islam with extremism and troubled relationships Barelwi ideology of Islam in India Sufion and a conference by representatives said they are against terrorism. There's Wahhabi ideology Barelwi community blamed for it.
Among all of these charges have increased interest in the fact that after all is what the Wahhabi ideology. People want to know that the Muslim community is divided into many sects and how they are different from each other?
Muslims call themselves followers of Islam, but Islamic law (Fikhh) and Islamic history, Muslims on the basis of their understanding are divided into many sects.
Indeed, on the basis of large-scale or community Sunni and Shia Muslims can be divided into two parts-is.
Although the Shiite and Sunni sects are divided into one or several Firkhon.
If the point of the Shia-Sunni
😊 👌 👉 both agree that God is One, His messenger Muhammad and the Quran is a heavenly book, the book of Allah sent.
😏 but both community beliefs and his successor after the death of Prophet Mohammed are serious differences on the issue. These two are different Islamic law.
Sunni

Sunni or Sunnah means to adopt the modalities on which Prophet Muhammad (570-632 AD) himself and appropriately implemented, they are called Sunni.
According to estimates, approximately 80-85 percent of the world's Muslims are Sunni, while 15 to 20 percent are between the Shia.
Sunni Muslims believe that the Prophet Muhammad, Hazrat Abu-Bakr, his father (632-634 AD) became the new leader of the Muslims, who were caliphs.
Abu-Bakr after the way Umar (634-644 AD), Uthman (644-656 AD) and Hazrat Ali (656-661 AD) became the leader of the Muslims.
The four-e-Rashidin Khulfa running in the right direction is called. Then came those who, as the political leader of the Muslims were called but did not have any specific religious Aetbaar their importance.
Islamic law is a question of interpretation of the Sunni Muslims are mainly divided into four groups. Although the fifth group is also separated himself from these four states.
All five of these beliefs is not much difference, but they believe that their imam or religious leader is the correct interpretation of Islam.
The four major schools of Sunni Islam, Islamic law.
Eighth and ninth century, almost 150 years after the four major religious leader was born. They interpret Islamic laws and then their followers later became supporters of the Firkhe.
These four were: Imam Imam Abu Hnifa (699-767 AD), Imam Shafi (767-820 AD), Imam Hnbl (780-855 AD) and Imam Malik (711-795 AD).
__________________________________
🔶 Hnfi
Hnfi called followers of Imam Abu Hnifa. The Fikhh or Islamic law-abiding Muslims are divided into two groups. If a Deobandi says another Barelwi yourself.
👉 Deobandi and Barelvi
Both the name of two districts of Uttar Pradesh, is named after the Deoband and Bareilly.
The 20th century religious leader Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi two (1863-1943) and Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi (1856-1921), the different interpretations of Islamic law.
Darul-Uloom Deoband seminary Ashraf Ali Thanvi was concerned, while Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi Bareilly Ala Hazrat was.
Maulana Abdul Rasheed and Maulana Qasim Gangohi Nnotwi Deoband seminary's foundation was laid in 1866. The Deoband school, Maulana Abdul Rashid Gangohi offer Parwan, Maulana Qasim and Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanvi Nnotwi has played a key role.
Subcontinent, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan most Muslims living in these two denominations is concerned.
Followers of Deobandi and Barelvi School claim that the Quran and Hadith are the sources of their Shariah its implementation must follow the imam. Therefore, all laws of Shariah are the Fikhh of Imam Abu Hnifa.
Ala Hazrat Raza Khan Barelvi Barelvi School of the people mentioned in the most correct way to do it. Mazar of Hazrat Raza Khan of Bareilly niche which is a great center for the followers of Barelvi School.
But not too much difference between the two have differences in some things. Prophet Mohammad as Barelwi agree that all who know and those who do not see that too he looks. Are present everywhere and see everything.
The Deobandi not believe it. Deobandi the prophet of Allah are in second place but they believe humans. Barelvi Sufi follower of Islam and Sufi Mjharon here is pretty important to the Deoband school of these Mjharon is not very important, but they are opposed to this.
__________________________________
🔶 ownership
Imam Abu Hnifa Sunnis after the second Imam, Imam owner whose followers are low in Asia. The most important book Imam Motta "is known as.
His followers believe their own stated rules. These communities typically are found in the Middle East and North Africa.
__________________________________
🔶 Shafi
Imam Shafi Sunnis owner and the third leading disciple of Imam. Muslims follow a big Tbkha their prescribed paths, which mostly lives in the Middle East, Asia and Africa.
In matters of faith, but it is not much different from others on the basis of Islamic Hnfi Fikhh modus operandi is different. His followers also believe in the fact that it's important to follow the imam.
__________________________________
🔶 Hanbali
Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Kuwait, Middle East and many African countries, the Muslim Imam Hnbl Fikhh more on their implementation and the Hanbali says.
Saudi Arabia's official religious laws based on Sharia Imam Hnbl. He told his followers say that is closer to the way the hadiths.
Adherents of the four imams of the Muslims follow sharia believe that it's important to follow your own Imam.
__________________________________
🔶 Slfi, Wahhabi and Ahl-e-Hadith
सुन्नियों में एक समूह ऐसा भी है जो किसी एक ख़ास इमाम के अनुसरण की बात नहीं मानता और उसका कहना है कि शरीयत को समझने और उसका सही ढंग से पालन करने के लिए सीधे क़ुरान और हदीस (पैग़म्बर मोहम्मद के कहे हुए शब्द) का अध्ययन करना needed.
Wahhabi and Ahl-e-Hadith and Slfi the community etc. is known. The cult around the knowledge of the imams, their research is to study and appreciate their literature.
But he says that does not necessarily follow one of these imams. According to the Quran and Hadith are the things that are right, but the implementation of any final decision in the Quran and hadith should be considered a controversial thing.
Slfi group says it wants to promote an Islam which was at the time of the Prophet Mohammed. The idea blossomed wreath to offer and Muhammad bin Abdul Wahhab Ibn Tamia and his name is also known as the Wahhabi community.
Most Islamic scholars of the Middle East are heavily influenced by their ideology. One thing great about this group is known as an extremely radical and sectarian religious matters it is very hardcore. Saudi Arabia's current ruler, follow the same ideology.
Al-Qaeda chief Osama bin Laden ideology espoused Slfi
__________________________________
🔶 Sunni Bohra
Gujarat, Maharashtra and Muslims in Sindh province of Pakistan's business community is a group known as the Bohra. Bohra, are both Shia and Sunni.
Sunni Bohra Hnfi implementation of Islamic law, while the Shiites are closer culturally Dawoodi Bohra.
__________________________________
🔶 Ahmadiyya 👊🏻 👊🏻
Islamic law abiding Hnfi yourself Ahmadiyya Muslim community says. The established community in Indian Punjab Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was Khadian.
The cult followers of the prophet himself believe that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was an avatar.
But they themselves did not bring any new Shariah according to their Prophet Muhammad are following the Sharia, but they have the status of prophet. Almost all agree that this sect of Muslims after the Prophet of Allah sent messengers to the world series is over.
But Ahmadis believe that Mirza Ghulam Ahmad was a prophet who declared a religion reformer are.
That's just the differences are so severe that a large section of Muslims consider Ahmadis are not Muslims. India, Pakistan and the UK Ahmadis considerable amount of good numbers.
Ahmadis in Pakistan have officially been rejected by Islam.

Shiite

Shia Muslim faith and Islamic law is quite different from the Sunnis. Caliph after the Prophet Muhammad and not to be appointed imam of supporters.
He believes that after the death of Prophet Muhammad, his real heir was his son, Hazrat Ali. According to him, the Prophet Muhammad had declared Ali his successor Hazrat Abu-Bakr to his place but fraudulently elected leader.
Shiite Muslims after Muhammad became the first three caliphs as their leader, but they do not say Ghasib. Ghasib Arabic word meaning the grabber.
They believe that the way your Prophet Muhammad was sent by God in the same way his son Ali, imam or prophet appointed by God and the descendants of those from the Imam continued.
Shia also further divided into several parts.
🔷 Isna Asri
Like many Sunnis in Shiite sect, but the largest group, the Twelve Imams Isna Asri abiding group. About 75 percent of the world belong to the same group of Shia. Isna Klme Asri is also different from the Sunni community Kalama.
His first and last Imam Hazrat Ali, the Imam Mahdi, the twelfth Imam's. He is Allah, the Koran and the hadith believe, but only those are true hadiths which have come through their imams.
A book based on the teachings of the Quran Ali Nahjul Blagha and Alkafi are their important religious book. The sect believes in Islamic religious law the Jafria. Iran, Iraq, in most countries of the world including India and Pakistan is dominated by Shia Isna Asri.
_______________________________
🔷 Jhadia
Jhadia the second largest Shia sectarian group, which believes in the twelve imams, rather than five. Four first Imam of the Shias are Asri Isna but fifth Imam Hussein (son of Hazrat Ali) Zaid bin Ali, the grandson of that caused it are called Jhadia.
One of them, Ali bin Zaid Islamich statute book Mjmul Fikhh 'come from. Husi Jhadia community living in Yemen in the Middle East are Muslim.
_________________________________
Shiite 🔷ismaili
This community is only seven Imams of Shias believe Imam Muhammad bin Ismail and his last, and that is why he said Ismaili. The controversy over the fact that the Isna Asri Shias Imam Jafar Sadiq, Imam Jafar bin Ismail, his elder son will or other child.
Isna Asri group considered their second son Imam Musa kazim and that the two groups have become. Imam Ismail bin Jafar Isma'ilites thus kept his seventh. Asri Fikhh Shias and their beliefs is somewhat different from Isna.
________________________________
Bohra 🔷daudi
A group of Bohra, who called Dawoodi Bohra, Ismaili Shia faith endures, and so assumes Fikhh. The difference is that 21 imams Dawoodi Bohra believe.
Imam Abul Qasim Tayyib were followed by their final tradition of spiritual leaders. They called the midwife and the obstetrician Sayydna Burhanuddin Rabbani, was 52 th. Rabbani's death in 2014, since two of his sons had a fight in succession and now the case is in court.
Bohra western region of India, especially in Gujarat and Maharashtra are found in Pakistan and Yemen, these are present. It is a successful businessman whose community is also a Sunni faction.
________________________________
🔷khoja
Searched a merchant community of Gujarat, who had converted to Islam centuries ago. The community considers both Shia and Sunni Islam.
Most searched Shia Ismaili religious laws, but also a large number of Shias have searched Asri Isna.
But some believe search Sunni Islam. Large section of the community is found in Gujarat and Maharashtra. East African countries these are settled.
______________________________
🔷❌nusarry😳
The Shias sect is found in various areas of Syria and the Middle East. It is also known by the name of Allawi. Most followers of the Shia in Syria, President Bashar al-Assad and the country's relationship with the community is.
The community believes that Ali really came into the world as the embodiment of God. Asri Fikhh Isna but differ in their beliefs. Nusarry Born Again Christians believed in and some are part of the rituals of their religion.
Besides, a number of small cult are found in Islam Hank📝

Tuesday, May 31, 2016

Ruchinilo from IIT Guwahati made an agricultural app for mobile Get Timely Advice & Assistance from Experts

One Man Made an App to Help Farmers Get Timely Advice & Assistance from Experts around the Country
In April 2015, Ruchinilo graduated from IIT Guwahati with a Masters in Development Studies
What’s more impressive is that the entire initiative required no funds: “I have a background in programming and assembled the app myself, using open data sources,” Ruchinilo says.
“If I buy phones to give them, they will have a sense of indebtedness to me. They will think of it as an act of charity and will not have a feeling of ownership, of entitlement about it,” explains Ruchinilo.
Determined to ensure that the farmers developed a sense of ownership about the project and viewed him not as a donor but as a partner in their development, Ruchinilo urged the farmers to pitch in and buy common smartphones or use existing phones for their respective communities.
“I used Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the form of a mobile interface to develop an app for farmers where, if they are facing any problems, they can reach out to experts. They can also use the app to create reports about their farm and build a knowledge bank. This will prove to be very useful to the communities in the future,” he explains.
“The objective is to connect farmers with individuals who are experts in the agriculture sciences in order to promote knowledge sharing and sharing of best farming practices,” Ruchinilo elaborates.
With the app, a farmer can reach out to five experts in different parts of the country. He can communicate using photographs, videos or even text messages in his mother tongue.
Queries and requests for help from the farmers are then picked up by the Cloud. These make their way to Ruchnilio and his team, who filter the messages and direct them to the appropriate experts.
The project was launched in October 2015 and, in just eight months, the app has already met with resounding success. “In the months of January and February, we saw close to five or six queries from farmers a day,” Ruchinilo says.
The app has helped 44 farmers in nine villages across Udaipur district connect with experts who can help them efficiently navigate the choppy waters of being a farmer in India.