MSW anaerobic digestion

http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/Ostrem_Thesis_final.pdf

MSW, municipal solid waste management, solid waste management, bio gas plant, 

DEWATS-decentralised waste water treatment system---Baffle reactor anaerobic

http://www.sozialstruktur.org/en/files/DEWATS05_09small.pdf

 

 

DEWATS-decentralised waste water treatment system---Baffle reactor anaerobic, hospital waste water treatment

hospital waste water treatment baffle reactor anaerobic

http://www.scipub.org/fulltext/ajes/ajes14259-263.pdf

hospital waste water treatment baffle reactor anaerobic

CATEGORIES OF BIO MEDICAL WASTE (BMW)

https://www.dpcc.delhigovt.nic.in/bio-medical-waste.html

(Please refer Schedule I , Click here to see the Schedule I)
Category No. 1      Human Anatomical Waste
Category No. 2      Animal Waste
Category No. 3      Microbiology & Biotechnology Waste
Category No. 4      Waste sharps
Category No. 5      Discarded Medicines and Cytotoxic drugs
Category No. 6      Soiled Waste
Category No. 7      Solid Waste
Category No. 8      Liquid Waste
Category No. 9       Incineration Ash
Category No. 10    Chemical Waste

reatment Of Bio Medical Waste 

Category No.1    Incineration /deep burial

Category No.2    Incineration /deep burial

Category No.3    Autoclaving/microwaving/incineration

Category No.4    Disinfection(chemical treatment)/autoclaving/microwaving and 
                            mutilation/shredding.

Category No.5    Incineration/destruction/ and drugs disposal in secured landfills

Category No. 6    Incineration/autoclaving/microwaving

Category No.7    Disinfection by chemical treatment/autoclaving/ microwaving and 
                           mutilation/ shredding

Category No.8    Disinfection by chemical treatment & discharge into drains

Category No.9    Disposal in municipal land fill

Category No.10    Chemical treatment and discharge into drains for liquids and secured 
                              landfill for solids. 

Standards for Liquid Waste

PARAMETERS	PERMISSIBLE LIMITS
pH	6.5-9.0
Suspended Solids	100 mg/L
Oil & Grease	10 mg/L
BOD	30 mg/L
COD	250 mg/L
Bio-assay Test	90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent

These limits are applicable to those hospitals which are either connected with sewers without terminal Sewage Treatment Plant or not connected to public sewers. 

For discharge into public sewers with terminal facilities , the General Standards as notified under the Environment (Protection ) Act, 1986, shall be applicable . Click here to see the General Standards(Schedule VI) 

Main parameters are given below:

PARAMETERS	PERMISSIBLE LIMITS
pH	5.5-9.0
Suspended Solids	600 mg/L
Oil & Grease	10 mg/L
BOD	350mg/L
Bio-assay Test	90% survival of fish after 96 hours in 100% effluent

DPCC has taken decision that Hospital having 50 beds or more shall install Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) for the treatment of waste water generated and for recycling of treated effluent for use in horticulture, air conditioning/ cooling plants and flushing of toilet etc. 

. http://www.mjmsr.net/article.asp?issn=0975-9727;year=2013;volume=4;issue=2;spage=99;epage=106;aulast=Biswal

In hospitals that have ETP facility, the treatment is carried out using special scientific process and generally involves three stages, primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of treatment. ^[14]

 Average water consumption 750 liter / bed / day. Please calculate daily water consumption from borewell to over head tank using water meter. 80% of total water in nover head tanks is wasted as waste water. This should be the capacity of the STP to be installed at the hospital. (See table below)

Capacity of overhead tank from where water is distributed = A Liter
Number of times Over Head Tanks Filled up in a day = B Nos
Total water requirement for use at different points = A x B Liter/day
Quantity of Effluent , liter per day = 80 % of ( A x B )

Sourcess of waste water

1. Bed in Hospital= Nos @ 500 liter per bed = Liter

2. Employee in Hospital = nos @ 40 liter per employee= Liter

3. Hostels- Persons = nos @ 150 liters per person. = Liter

4. Kitchen Meals= nos@ 10 liter per meal = Liter

So, Total Quantity of discharge: --------- liter per day

Health Stream Literature Summary - Issue 46 - June 2007

The treatment of hospital waste water: an appraisal

Pauwels, B. and Verstraete, W. (2006) Journal of Water & Health, 4 (4) 405-416.

Primary treatment

Consists of temporarily holding the sewage in a basin where the settled and floating materials are removed and the remaining liquid subjected to secondary treatment. Primary treatment usually removes from 30 to 40% of the BOD. After this treatment the BOD and COD levels usually comes down to 25% of its initial levels.

Secondary treatment

Removes the dissolved and suspended biological matter and is typically performed by indigenous, water borne microorganisms in a managed habitat. This treatment uses microbial degradation, aerobic or anaerobic, to reduce the concentration of the organic compounds. The combined use of primary and secondary treatment reduces approximately 80 to 90% of the BOD. In this stage, there is settling down of the suspended solid contents of the biological waste as thick slurry called sludge, while the treated fluid undergoes tertiary treatment. Through this process, 95% of the pollutants from the waste water are removed.

Tertiary treatment

Uses chemicals to remove inorganic compounds and pathogens. This is the final stage of treatment where the effluent after secondary treatment first is mixed with sodium hypochlorite and then the effluent is passed through dual media filter (DMF) and activated carbon filter (ACF) where sand, anthracite, and activated carbon are used as filtration media. Finally, the treated water is let into a small well to recharge the water table. This treated waste water now can be used for gardening, toilets, and laundry purposes. ^[15]

Chemical treatment usually involves the use of 1% sodium hypochlorite solution with a minimum contact period of 30 min or other standard disinfectants like, 10-14 gm of bleaching powder in 1 l water, 70% ethanol, 4% formaldehyde, 70% isopropyl alcohol, 2 5% povidone iodine, or 6% hydrogen peroxide

WASTE WATER FLOW RATES IN DIFFERENT UNITS:
Waste water consist primarily of used water, the water that reaches the sewer . For different units it is different as shown in the chart .

Source	Unit	Range l/u/d	Typical l/u/d
Apartment	Person	200-340	260
Hotel resident	Resident	150-220	190
Hotel Employee	Employee	30-50	40
Individual Home	Person	190-350	280
Airport	Passenger	8-15	10
Automobile service station	Vehicle served	150-200	200
Restaurant	Meal	8-15	10
Office	Employee	30-65	55
Laundry	Machine	1800-2600	2200
Laundry	Wash	180-200	190
Hospital medical	Bed Employee	500-950 20-60	650 40
School	Student	20-65	40
School boarding	Student	200-400	280
For Industries		80% of water used used in production will be released as waste water
Meat processing	Mg	15-20 cu mtr/ Mg
Milk Products	Mg	10-20 cu mtr/Mg
Bread	Mg	2-4 cu mt/Mg
Beer	Mg	10-16 cu mtr/Mg
Whisky	Mg	60-80 cu mtr/Mg
Paper Pulp	Mg	250-800 cu mt/ Mg
Paper	Mg	120-160 cu mtr/Mg
Textile Bleaching (Cotton)	Mg	200-300 cu mtr/Mg
Textile Dyeing (Cotton)	Mg	30-60 cu mtr/Mg

REF : WASTE WATER ENGINEERING : TREATMENT , DISPOSAL AND REUSE--- METCALF & EDDY .