MSW PROJECTS IN INDIA & BIO GAS PLANT

----- Original Message -----

From: saleem asraf syed imdaadullah

To: goswami vivek

Sent: Sunday, September 14, 2008 2:42 PM

Subject: ITS A GAS BIO GAS

http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Its_A_Gas/rssarticleshow/3477605.cms

San Antonio in the United States could become the first city to draw all its energy requirements from methane gas generated from the city's water treatment system through recycling 14,000 tonnes of biosolids in sewage annually. The methane source includes human waste that, if left untreated and unutilised, would only pollute soil and water.

Treating bio-waste, however, could generate an average of 1.5 million cubic feet of gas a day - enough to fill 1,250 tanker trucks daily - according to the system's chief operating officer. A by-product of human and organic waste, methane is the chief component of natural gas that can fuel generators, power plants and furnaces.

Closer home, gobar gas - natural gas obtained from methane released by cattle waste - as a green alternative to diesel and other fossil fuels has been taken up seriously, particularly in rural households. However, a lack of adequate hygiene is a constraint because the gas formation - in the large containers filled with gobar - makes the drum's lid rise, and there is spillage all around the plant. So, in India gobar gas plants are fertile breeding grounds for mosquitoes and other pests. But this is not an insurmountable problem. Gobar gas plants could be expanded and diversified to include energy extraction from all kinds of biomass and the gas so produced could fuel power stations - as San Antonio proposes to do - and with improved sanitation, the experiment could yield good results for several Indian cities.

As a renewable resource, biomass - either from plants, agriculture and forestry residues, animal or human waste - is biodegradable and so is far more eco-friendly than petroleum-derived fuels. And they are relatively easier to source and process, unlike the sophisticated instruments and know-how required to extract oil or refine coal. Ethanol derived from biofuels has a very high octane rating. It might deliver less energy than gasoline, but by blending about 10 per cent ethanol and petrol or diesel together, a feasible balance is achieved with no perceptible effect on fuel economy.

America's space agency NASA is sponsoring a joint project to turn human waste into a power source for spaceships using a process that could also produce other chemicals that can be used on board. Instead of turning up our noses at the idea of recycling human waste and other biosolids in sewage, it would be worthwhile to explore fully and exploit the immense potential hidden in what we routinely regard as being useless.

MSW projects ndia & leachate management

 

 

 

 

Source of article: http://greenenergysk.com/?p=14

Name of Project "SGRRL Municipal Solid Waste Project" at Mandur Village, Hoskote Taluk, Bangalore (East) District, Karnataka by M/s Srinivasa Gayathri Resource Recovery Ltd (SGRRL).

Location of the Project (Village / District / State) Mandur Village, Hoskote Taluk, Bangalore (East) District, Karnataka

Brief Description of the Project SGRR Ltd. is in the process of establishing and managing and integrated waste to energy facility comprising of a 1000 Tons Per Day (TPD) RDF (Refuse Derived Fuel) Plant and a power plant of 8 MW in its Phase I activity. The RDF plant would be a Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) treatment facility capable of producing a minimum of 300 TPD RDF which will be used for generating electricity.

Estimate of GHG abatement in tCO2 eq. 414601

Host Country Approval Status Approved

Project Owner / Proponent Srinivasa Gayathri Resource Recovery Ltd (SGRRL), No.87, KR Road, #303, Shreshta Bhumi Complex Bangalore-560 004, Karnataka Contact Person: Mr. B.R. Ashirwad Joint Managing Director

Baseline Methodology "Avoided emissions from organic waste through alternative waste treatment processes" – AM0025- Version 9, Sectoral Scope – 1, 13 dated 10th August, 2007.

Project Start date 22.06.2005 (Agreement signed with BBMP)

Project completion date Feb. 2009 (Financial closure document)
========http://indscanblog.com/2009/04/19/municipal-solid-waste-based-composting-at-kolhapur/
Estimate of GHG abatement in tCO2 eq. 96893

Host Country Approval Status Approved

Project Owner / Proponent Zoom Bio-Fertilizers Private Limited (ZBPL), Shivsagar Estate, Dr Annie Besant Road, 6th Floor, Devchand House, C Block, Worli, Mumbai- 400 018, Maharashtra. Contact Person: Mr. Samuel Kurian Sr. Manager Environment

Baseline Methodology Approved Small Scale Baseline Methodology AMS III F: "Avoidance of methane production from decay of biomass through composting", Version
=============
Name of Project "SESL 6 MW Municipal Solid Waste based power Project" at Vijayawada & Guntur, Andhra Pradesh by M/s Shriram Energy Systems Limited.

Location of the project (village / District / State) Vijayawada & Guntur, Andhra Pradesh

Brief Description of the project This first-of-kind project uses TIFAC assisted technology for refinement of MSW to produce fuel grade pellets and fluff. The plant processes the waste to generated RDF fluff, which is combusted, in a 28 TPH capacity boiler with 65 ata and 485 C configuration, as main fuel in the steam generator, the steam passes through steam turbine to generate power. For processing MSW, specially designed shredders, air density separators, conveyors and rotary screens are used. The power is sold to APTRANSCO.

Estimate of GHG abatement in tCO2 eq. 423368

Host Country Approval Status Approved

Project Owner / Proponent M/s Shriram Energy Systems Limited. Ameerpet, G-1, B Block, United Avenue (North End), Hyderabad 500 016 Andhra Pradesh Contact Person: Mr. Gopala Krishna Murthy, Managing Director, Fax: +91 (040) 2372 9551

Baseline methodology Approved AMS- III E: "Avoidance of Methane Production from Biomass decay through controlled combustion" AMS- ID: "Renewable Electricity Generation for the Grid"
=========http://indscanblog.com/2008/11/30/municipal-solid-waste-treatment-cum-energy-generation/
Brief Description of the project The project is based on the Municipal Solid Waste/ Land disposal (MSW). It contributes to environmental improvement and social development in many ways while also extracting the economic value of wastes. The project proposes to provide opportunity to the rag pickers who can collect the same recyclables from the plant thereby providing employment to poor local folks specially women. The project helps in bettering the environment in the city by a hygiene treatment of solid waste, therefore improve health standards. Global benefits associated with the project are the ones associated with the reduction of green house gases (methane & CO2) which cause global warming.

Estimate of GHG abatement in tCO2 eq. 1620000

Host Country Approval Status Approved

Project Owner / Proponent Asia Bioenergy India Limited (ABIL), 824, Pooonamallee, Near KMC Kilpauk, Chennai-600010 Tel: +91 (044) 26427577/26414705-08 Contact person: Mr. P. Subramani, M.D. Email: subbu@asiabioenergy.com

ABIL is the consortium of following three companies:
1. Enkem Engineers Private Limited (Enkem) 824, Pooonamallee, Near KMC
High Road, Chennai-600010 Tel: +91 (044) 6411362, 6428992 Email: enkem99@md3.vsnl.net

2. Entec UGM BH of Austria (Entec) Entee-Environment Technology UMWELTTECNIK GMBH Austria, 6972 FUSSACH, SCHILFWEG 1 (RSB-HAUS) Tel: +43-55783646

3. Jurong Engineering Limited, Singapore (Jurong), 25, Tanjong Kling Road, Jurong Town, Singapore 628050 Tel: +65-2653222 Fax: +65-2684211 Email: info@jel.com.sg
===============http://indscanblog.com/2009/05/15/methane-recovery-and-power-generation-from-sewage-treatment/
Name of Project "Methane recovery and power generation from sewage treatment plant by Surat Municipal Corporation, Gujarat, India" at Bhatar, Karanj and Singanpore of Surat District by M/s Surat Municipal Corporation.

Location of the Project (Village / District / State) Bhatar, Karanj and Singanpore of Surat District, Gujarat.

Brief Description of the Project The proposed project is planning to install a 3MW power plant based on Sewage gas obtained during sewage treatment process. Biogas is generated from the digesters during the anaerobic sludge treatment process in the sewage treatment plant. This biogas contains 60-75%CH4, 25-40%CO2 and H2S well below 0.5%. The H2S contained in biogas is highly corrosive and it is required to remove this hydrogen sulphide to the desired limit. The Biogas collecting blowers are used to collect the gas from the digesters, which blow the biogas to H2S scrubbing system to remove H2S from biogas. Then biogas could be used to generate electricity. The biogas holder is provided to boost the pressure of biogas to desired level for the biogas engine. Biogas engine type is spark ignited internal combustion engine. The electricity generated by biogas engine generator set is used to run various units of sewage treatment plant.

Estimate of GHG abatement in tCO2 eq. 281275
===========http://www.ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=36677
Converting Waste to Energy – Not So Green
By Keya Acharya

BANGALORE, Feb 22, 2007 (IPS) – A stream of protests has hit India's Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) for sanctioning municipal waste-to-energy (MWTE) projects that are collapsing under an avalanche of incombustible wastes.
=========
Brief Description of the project The purpose of the project essentially is to utilize available biomass in the region effectively for generation of electricity energy. This emphasis on conservation of environment through use of biomass fuel and Green House Gas (GHG) emission reduction, economic growth. The project has also reduced the ever-increasing demand and supply gap of electricity. The project has increase employment, create business opportunity for local stakeholders. Beside these, there are many benefits like:
• Proper utilization of surplus biomass.
• Generation of Eco-Friendly green power.
• Reduction of CO2 emission etc.
Therefore this project has excellent environment benefits in terms of reduction of carbon emission and coal resource conservation.

Estimate of GHG abatement in tCO2 eq. 178433

Host Country Approval Status Approved

Project Owner / Proponent Rithwik Energy Systems Limited (RESL) Lanco House, 141, avenue #8, Road No.2, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad-500 034 Contact person: Mr. Satya Ravula Sreenivas, Direcctor, Tel: +91 (040) 23556029 Fax: +91 (040) 23540438 Email: rssreenivas@lancogroup.com
=============================http://www.indiaprwire.com/pressrelease/environmental-services/2010060552845.htm
a2z Infrastructure commissions Asia's largest Integrated Municipal Solid Waste Management Project in Kanpur ~ To set up India's first solid waste to power project in Kanpur; substantially powered by Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) ~

The technology adopted by the company to produce RDF is organic and ensures that the fuel is homogeneous in nature. RDF is also considered as a better replacement for coal and has much lesser emissions than coal.
a2z Infrastructure had earlier commenced the processing and disposal of the solid waste in October 2009 and currently processes 1,500 tonnes of municipal solid waste per day from a population of 31,16,263 in the city. This project has contributed to the reduction of Green House Gas (GHG) emissions by avoiding the methane generation from the wastes at the landfills. The entire project complies with all specifications and norms of the Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organisation (CPHEEO). The project is the only Integrated Resource Recovery Facility (IRRF) with varied portfolio of derivatives from the garbage.

The company also produces 150 tonnes of compost per day from municipal solid waste under the brand name of Vasundhara. This is the largest quantity of compost being produced by a single MSW player in the country. The quality of compost generated is as per the FCO (Fertilizer Control Order) Amendment, 2009 and is the only government certified compost in the country. The company also plans to scale compost production to 300 tonnes per day by August, 2010
=================
Project Salient Features- (i) A unique project and first of its kind in the Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) sector in India, where in the entire aspects of MSW management i.e from Primary collection to disposal, including storage, secondary transportation, integrated processing and disposal are being planned together. (ii) A SPV in name of in name of Guwahati Waste Management Company Private Limited (GWMCPL) (100% shareholding of which shall be taken over by the successful developer) has been set up for implementing an integrated waste management facility including an integrated waste processing facility at Boragaon in Guwahati. The project would process 350 tonnes of waste per day. The Project Cost is estimated at Rs.(INR) 5200 Lakhs with a construction period of two years. Under "Jawahar Lal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)"Scheme of Ministry of Urban Development, GoI the Grant of Rs (INR) 3516.71 Lakhs is approved for Solid Waste Management component. Out of total approved amount, approximately Rs31Crores of the grant is available to selected developer. (iii) The integrated waste processing facility would include conversion of Municipal Solid Waste into Compost, Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) and generation of power using RDF at the Boragaon landfill site on Public- Private-Partnership (PPP) basis.
The Scope of Selected developer will include following (iii) Segregated collection of MSW through door-to-door waste collection system in Municipal boundaries of Guwahati city. (iv) Street Sweeping and Drain de-silting activities in Municipal boundaries of Guwahati city. (v) Storage of collected segregated waste from door-to-door waste collection, street sweeping and drain desilting in Secondary Collection Points. (vi) Transportation of waste from Secondary Collection Points to Project Site. (vii) Establishment of a project facility for conversion of Municipal Solid Waste into Compost Plant, Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) and for generation of power using RDF at the Boragaon landfill site on Public Private Partnership (PPP) basis; (viii) To develop the Sanitary Landfill Site during the Term of the project (ix) To transport and dispose the Residual Inert Matter at the Landfill Site
For More Details Contact: Chief Executive officer, Infrastructure Development Corporation of Assam Limited Mezzanine Floor, Hotel Brahamputra Ashok Guwahati (Assam) Ph-0361-2731807 (D), 2732266,2732904, (M) 91-9954714226 Fax-0361-2731840 Email: shyam.mahanta@ilfsindia.com, manoj.panigraghi@ilfsindia.com, manoj.panigraghi@gmail.com
=============
Jaypee's Municipal Solid Waste Processing Plant inaugurated

Jaypee Associate has set up a municipal solid waste processing plant in Chandigarh, India, in association with Municipal Corporation Chandigarh, as a public-private partnership.
The plant shall be operational after about three months when complete process gets stabilised, he informed. Set up at a cost of Rs.30 crores on a 10 acres land, the plant which is one of its kind in northern India, has the installed capacity to process 500 ton per day of municipal solid waste, which will be converted into refuse-derived fuel to be used in a thermal power plant in Ropar and a cement plant of Jaypee Group in Himachal Pradesh. Mr. Pradeep Mehra, Advisor to the Administrator, said that the leaves sheded by trees in the city, which is the greenest city in the country today, shall also be processed in the plant for converting to fuel pellets.
The plant is fully-covered to minimise exposure to atmosphere, and arrangements to spray culture on the garbage to eliminate insects, flies and odour have also been made. All critical equipment have been imported from Dopastadt Germany and the plant has been commissioned successfully in the supervision of German engineers, which has a fully-equipped laboratory, a workshop, and a fully-automatic control room, effluent treatment plant and fire safety equipment.
Notes to Editor
Jaypee Associates Limited is a Rs.4500 crore company that has set up in Chandigarh, the north India's first municipal waste processing plant at a cost of Rs.30 crore, in association with the Municipal Corporation Chandigarh.
All critical equipment i.e. primary shredder, secondary shredder, and ballistic separator have been imported from world renowned M/s Dopastadt Calbe Gmbh, Germany
…………
Jaiprakash Associates Ltd

63, Basant Lok
Vasant Vihar
New Delhi -110 057
India
Tel: 91/1126141540
URL: http://www.jilindia.com
================http://www.pbsj.com/Contact_Us/Pages/default.aspx
Bioreactor Landfills

PBS&J is very familiar with a wide range of leachate treatment technologies, including recirculation, in which leachate is transferred from the bottom of the landfill to the top. We have been closely involved with organizations that are refining the process of leachate recirculation to create landfills that are "bioreactors," using leachate and other sources of liquid to maximize the decomposition process and thereby extending the life of a landfill.

Leachate Evaporation and Cotreatment

Landfills that collect and flare their landfill gas have an opportunity to use this energy to economically manage leachate via evaporation. PBS&J assists landfill owners in evaluating the cost-effectiveness of this disposal alternative and in implementing leachate evaporation systems. PBS&J also offers experience in cotreating leachate with other wastewaters, including domestic wastewater and septage.
Comprehensive Services

PBS&J provides comprehensive leachate management services, including:

* Leachate collection system design
* Leachate quality and quantity characterization
* Leachate permitting services
* Negotiation assistance with receiving utilities
* Treatment/pretreatment facility design
* Leachate evaporation
* Leachate recirculation and bioreactor landfill design
* Storage and truck loading facilities
* Construction administration
* Start-up assistance
* Operations and maintenance services
———–http://www.mswmanagement.com/march-april-2009/gas-leachate-management.aspx
Tony Maxson is a client manager with the Cornerstone Environmental Group, an engineering consulting, and field service company serving the solid waste industry. He also chairs a bioreactor committee for SWANA.
=====http://www.compost.org/pdf/sheet_6.PDF
THE COMPOSTING PROCESS : Leachate Management
===========

http://ramkyenviroengineers.com/MunicipalWaste.html

MSW anaerobic digestion

http://www.seas.columbia.edu/earth/wtert/sofos/Ostrem_Thesis_final.pdf

MSW, municipal solid waste management, solid waste management, bio gas plant, 

Bio Gas from Kitchen waste

Literature Study : Bio Gas from Kitchen waste
The Principle: Biomass in any form is ideal for the Biomethanation concept, which is the central idea of the Biogas plants. Based on thermophilic microorganisms and microbial processes develop the design of the biogas plant. The plant is completely gravity based.
Brief process description: The segregated wet garbage (food waste) is brought to the plant site in bins and containers. It is loaded on a sorting platform and residual plastic, metal; glass and other non-biodegradable items are further segregated. The waste is loaded into a Waste Crusher along with water, which is mounted on the platform. The food waste slurry mixed with hot water is directly charged into the Primary digester.
This digester serves mainly as hydrolysis cum acidification tank for the treatment of suspended solids. For breaking slag compressed air is used for agitation of slurry. Compressed air will also help in increasing aeration since bacteria involved in this tank are aerobic in nature. The tank is designed in such a way that after the system reaches equilibrium in initial 4-5 days, the fresh slurry entering the tank will displace equal amount of digested matter from top into the main digester tank.
Main digester tank serves as a methane fermentation tank and BOD reduction takes place here. The treated overflow from this digester is connected to the manure pits. This manure can be supplied to farmers at the rate of 4-5 Rs. per Kg. Alternatively municipal gardens and local gardens can be assured of regular manure from this biogas plant.
The biogas is collected in a dome (Gas holder) is a drum like structure, fabricated either of mild steel sheets or fibreglass reinforced plastic (FRP). It fits like a cap on the mouth of digester where it is submerged in the water and rests in the ledge, constructed inside the digester for this purpose. The drum collects gas, which is produced from the slurry inside the digester as it gets decomposed and rises upward, being lighter than air. 1" GI piping will be provided up to a distance of 50 m from the Biogas plant. Biogas burners will be provided. The biogas can be used for cooking, heating and power generation purpose.
Cost details, saving and payback period from a biogas plant: The cost details and the savings envisaged from the plant are given in the following table. The life of the plant could be 20-30 years and payback period is 4-5 years.

Capacity (Tons / Day)

Installation Cost (Rs In Lacks)


Monthly Operation and Maintenance Charges (Rs)


Methane Generation M³


Manure production (tons /day)


Area Required M²


Power


Manpower


Fresh Water (KL /day)


Hot water (Ltr / day of 50-60 C⁰)


Cooking Fuel (Equivalent to LPG Cyl / day)


1


8-10


8,000/-


100-120


0.1


300


5hp(2hr)


2


2


200


2-3


2


10-12


12,000/-


200-240


0.2


500


5hp(3hr)


3


3


400


4-5


4


20-22


22,000/-


400-480


0.3


700


5hp(3hr)


4


5


400


8-10


5


28-30


30,000/-


500-600


0.5


800


10hp (4hr)


5


7


600


12-14 (25Kw)


10


65-70


50,000/-


1000-1200


2.5


1200


15hp (4hr)


10


15


1000


22-25 (50Kw)

* This is an approximate cost for biogas generation plant and may increase by 10%–20%, depending on location, site-specific parameters, cost of materials, labour cost, etc., in different states/cities. Cost of additional infrastructure like office space, toilets, security, Godown, Shades and power generation will be extra, if required.
Rs – rupees; m3 – cubic meters; m2 – square meters; h – hour; kL – kilolitre; LPG – liquefied petroleum gas; kW – kilowatt; cyl – cylinder
Suitable locations for installation of plant Hotel premises, army/big establishment canteens (private/ government), residential schools/colleges, housing colonies, religious places / temple trusts, hospitals, hotels, sewage treatment plants, villages, etc.



OUR RECENT PROJECT ON BIO GAS GENERATION AND UTILIZATION:
BHOLABA DAIRY LIMITED. ALIGARH, U.P.
Bio Gas Generation from Dairy waste :
Ms Bhole Baba Milk food Industries Ltd. is coming up with a new plant at khair road, Aligarh
The Dairy will handle about 10-lac litre of milk every day. Depending on the season, major differences occur in the quantities of milk received from cooperative milk federation and in the use of butter, butter oil and milk powder. The value added products manufactured will be Casein,Milk Protien Concentrate,Lactose-Both Food &Pherma,Demineralised Whey Protien,Whole Milk Powder,Skimmed Milk Powder, & White Butter In Bricks Form, with future planning to produce processed Cheese/Mozerella.

CHARACTERISTICS OF GENERATING EFFLUENT WATER:

The values of incoming wastewater at ETP is as under:

S.No.

Parameter


Unit


Value



pH



6.0 – 10.5



Total Suspended Solids


Mg/l


1500.0 – 2000.0



B.O.D.


Mg/l


1500.0 – 1800.0



C.O.D.


Mg/l


2500.0 – 3500.0



Oil & Grease


Mg/l


150.0 – 250.0



Rated capacity of ETP


KL/Day


1,000.0

Feeding of Effluent to USAB Reactor: Anaerobic digestion takes place here. Methane gas is generated because of anaerobic degradation. The top supernatant from the USAB reactor flows by gravity to the aeration tanks inlet. Three reactors are planned. When one reactor is out of operation, calamity flow is the designed flow. One distribution box will distribute the flow into the three reactors.

1. Bio-gas collection & utilization or Flaring: The gas produced in the UASB reactors is led to the gas holder through a moisture trap and gas flow meter.The outlet of the gas holder is to be branched off in two directions, one going to the generator room for supply to the engines and the other to the gas flaring equipments. The primary purpose of a gas holder is to adjust the difference in the rate of gas production and consumption.The gas engines demand a constant supply of bio gas at a constant pressure. The bio gas holder is designed for a storage of 4 hours of bio gas production normally at a pressure of 40m bar. As bio gas enters or leaves, the holder rises or falls with the help of guide rails. Valves in the gas lines will be operated manually to maintain the gas dome at 90%(Gas flaring level), 80%(Engine level) and 20% (Low levels, where engine as well as flaring will be stopped and the dome will be allowed to rise.).

GAS PRODUCTION & POWER GENERATION:
The gas flowing upward with the liquid will be prevented from escaping with the treated flow by GLSS and beam deflector, which will divert it to the gas collector domes. The gas produced shall be passed through 100 mm dia FRP pipe for individual domes and collected at a common point for each reactor by a common header of 200 mm dia pipe from where it will conveyed to the gas holder for constant flow to the gasomete generator or flaring in open atmosphere at about 6 meter above ground level.

Quantity of Gas Production:

PARAMETER

INLET OF UASB


OUTLET OF UASB


REMOVAL IN UASB


BOD


1700 ppm


340 ppm


80%


COD


3300 ppm


1320 ppm


60%


TSS


1800 ppm


450 ppm


75%


FLOW IN UASB = 1500 KLD (Taking full future capacity into account) Influent COD@ 3300 ppm = 4950 Kg
Effluent COD = 1980 Kg
COD removed in a day = 2970 kg
Bio gas produced @ 0.1 cu mtr per kg of COD removed = 297 cu mtr per day.
Capacity of gas holder: The primary purpose of a gas holder is to adjust the difference in the rate of gas production and consumption. As bio gas enters or leaves, the holder rises or falls by guide rails.
Provide a gas holder of 300 cu mtr capacity.
POWER GENERATION:
The bio gas produced in UASB process should be utilized for production of electric power. The amount of electric power generated shall be as under:
Bio Gas production = 297 cu mtr /day
Methane content (65.75%) = 195.28 cu mtr
Calorific value =28.9 MJ/N.cu mtr
Energy content 195.28x28.9x273/(273+30)=5048 MJ/Day
Generator efficiency--- 30%
Electricity generated =0.3x5048x1000000/3600x1000
= 420.66
Electric power generated = 420.66x0.04167=17.5289 kw say17 kw
= 1.25x 17= 21.25 kva.
We can go for a gas engine of capacity 10 KW . If any gas is left , it will be flared or supplied to staff quarters.


NOTE FOR COMPARISION : A 56 mld UASB plant having Inlet COD =400 ppm can safely run a 45 KW gas engine.

municipal solid waste--waste to energy plant

Considering an average garbage generation per capita per day as 0.450 Kg, we can assume a total garbage generation for a population of 100,000 as 45,000 Kg per day

Proven on wide range of wastes and feedstocks including

• Livestock and agricultural wastes
• Biomass
• Sewage and industrial sludges
• MSW and catering wastes
• Food industry wastes
• Vegetable market waste
• Restaurant Waste
• Farm House/Cattle manure waste
• Slaughter House/Tannery waste
• Presumed waste

Suitable locations for installation of plant

Hotel premises, army/big establishment canteens (private/ government), residential schools/colleges, housing colonies, religious places / temple trusts, hospitals, hotels, sewage treatment plants, villages, etc.

The Principle:

Add bio degradable Solid waste  into predigestor tank. 

Use of thermophilic microbes for faster degradation of the waste. The growth of thermophiles in the predigestor tank is assured by mixing the waste with hot water and maintaining the temperature in the range of 55-60oC. The hot water supply is from a solar heater. Even one-hour sunlight is sufficient per day to meet the needs of hot water.

After the predigestor tank the slurry enters the main anaerobic tank where it undergoes mainly anaerobic degra-dation by a consortium of archae-bacteria belonging to Methanococcus group.  They produce mainly methane from the cellulosic materials in the slurry.

The undigested lignocellulosic and hemicellulosic materials then are passed on in the settling tank. After about a month high quality manure can be dug out from the settling tanks. Earth worm can be introduced to settling tank to speedup the process.There is no odour to the manure at all. The organic contents are high and this can improve the quality of humus in soil, which in turn is responsible for the fertility.The manure generated is high quality and can be used in fields.This manure can be supplied to farmers at the rate of 4-5 Rs. per Kg. Alternatively municipal gardens and local gardens can be assured of regular manure from this biogas plant.

As the gas is generated in the main tank, the dome is slowly lifted up. This gas is a mixture of methane (70-75%), carbondioxide (10-15%) and water vapours (5-10%). It is taken through GI pipeline to the gas purification unit. Drains for condensed water vapour are provided on line. This gas burns with a blue flame and can be used for cooking as well.

The gas generated in this plant is used for gas lights fitted around the plant. The potential use of this gas would be for a canteen. The purified gas can be fed to bio fuel electric generator to produce electricity. Gas can be bottled and used to run vehicles.

Cost details, saving and payback period from a biogas plant:

The cost details and the savings envisaged from the plant are given in the following table. The life of the plant could be 20-30 years and payback period is 4-5 years.

Capacity (Tons / Day)	Installation Cost (Rs In Lacks)	Monthly Operation and Maintenance Charges (Rs)	Bio gas   Generation	Organic Manure production (tons /day)	Area Required M2	Power Generated from Bio Gas	Manpower to run plant
1	35	20,000/-	200 cum/day	0.2	450	250 kw/day	4

TEAM (TERI Enhanced Acidification and Methanation) process Bio gas plant

http://www.teriin.org/energy/waste.htm
Magnitude of waste and potential for energy recovery
Waste disposal is one of the major problems being faced by all nations across the globe. The daily per capita solid waste generated in India ranges from about 100 g in small towns to 500 g in large towns. It takes anywhere between three and seven days for the waste to be disposed from the time of its generation. Major portion of the collected waste is dumped in landfill sites. The recyclable content of waste ranges from about 13% to 20%. In a developing country like India, paper, plastic, glass, rubber, ferrous and non-ferrous metals – all the material that can be recycled are salvaged from this waste to produce low-cost products extensively used by the lower-income groups of the society. However, data collected from 44 Indian cities have revealed that about 70% of them do not have adequate capacity for collection and transportation of MSW (municipal solid waste) (Pachauri and Sridharan 1998). The uncollected waste that usually finds its way in sewers is eaten by the cattle, or left to rot in the open, or burnt on roadsides.
In the face of burgeoning urban populations and growing mounds of garbage, initiatives like converting garbage into energy could show the way for cities. A private company has begun converting the city's garbage into fuel pellets and now plans to establish a 10 MW power plant. According to TIFAC (Technology Information Forecasting and Assessment Council), Delhi, Mumbai, and Calcutta would be generating 5000 tonnes of garbage every day, in about a decade, and disposal would be difficult. The existing dumping years would create enormous pollution and health hazards. Municipal authorities would find it expensive to transport garbage and dispose it of scientifically, according to a TIFAC data sheet on 'Fuel pellets from municipal waste'. As part of a pilot project for integrated waste management, the Department of Science and Technology had established a prototype fuel pelletization plant at Deonar, Mumbai, in the early 1990s. The plant was designed to process Indian garbage. The garbage was first dried to bring down the high moisture levels. Sand, grit, and other incombustible matter were then mechanically separated before the garbage was compacted and converted into pellets. Fuel pellets have several distinct advantages over coal and wood, according to the TIFAC data sheet. It is cleaner, free from incombustibles, has lower ash and moisture contents, is of uniform size, cost-effective, and eco-friendly (The Hindu, 2 May 2000).
In addition to MSW, large quantity of waste, in both solid and liquid forms, is generated by the industrial sector like breweries, sugar mills, distilleries, food-processing industries, tanneries, and paper and pulp industries. Out of the total pollution contributed by industrial subsectors, 40% to 45% of the total pollutants can be traced to the processing of industrial chemicals and nearly 40% of the total organic pollution to the food products industry alone. Food products and agro-based industries together contribute 65% to 70% of the total industrial waste water in terms of organic load (Pachauri and Sridharan 1998a). Table 1 gives an estimate of waste generated in India by various sectors and industries.
Table 1 Estimated quantity of waste generated in India
Waste
Quantity
Municipal solid waste
27.4 million tonnes/year
Municipal liquid waste (121 class I and II cities)
12145 million litres/day
Distillery (243 nos)
8057 kilo litres/day
Pressmud
9 million tonnes/year
Food and fruit processing waste
4.5 million tonnes/year
Willow dust
30000 tonnes/year
Dairy industry waste (COD level 2 kg/m3)
50–60 million litres/day
Paper and pulp industry waste (300 mills)
1600 m3 waste water/day
Tannery (2000 nos)
52500 m3 waste water/day
Source Bakthavatsalam (1999)
In addition, the daily per capita sewage generation is about 150 litres. The total sewage generated in India, about 5 billion litres/day in 1947, grew to 30 billion litres/day in 1997. However, the total treatment capacity available is only about 10% of this quantum generated. It is estimated that under the Ganga Action Plan, 46 000 Nm3 (normal cubic metre) of biogas can be produced daily from the sewage treatment plants in 21 Indian cities by treating about 339 million litres/day of municipal waste water. This, with appropriate biogas power plants, will generate total electrical energy of 99 450 kWh/day (Singh 1996).
The urban municipal waste (both solid and liquid) – industrial waste coming from dairies, distilleries, pressmud, tanneries, pulp and paper, and food processing industries, etc., agro waste and biomass in different forms – if treated properly, has a tremendous potential for energy generation as shown in Table 2.
Table 2 Estimated renewable energy potential in India
Energy source
Estimated potential
Bio energy
17000 MW
Draught animal power
30000 MW
Energy from MSW
1000 MW
Biogas plants
12 million plants
Source Bakthavatsalam (1999)
Options for waste management
Last year, the INSWAREB (Institute of Solid Waste Research and Ecological Balance) came up with the theory that rice husk, a cheap by-product of paddy milling, has the potential to galvanize the electricity-starved rural India. With a gross calorific value of 3000 kcal/kg, rice husk, capable of high-efficiency combustion, could serve as the fuel for mini power plants of 1 to 2 MW capacity that can be set up in rural areas. The RHA (rice husk ash), obtained as a by-product by burning it, can generate power in the process.
The cost of establishing and maintaining the mini power plant can be easily made good by exporting RHA, which can fetch $50 a tonne. INSWAREB has drawn an action plan for promoting RHA fully exploiting its export potential. It proposes to initiate a couple of mini power plants to popularize the theme. (The Hindu, 9 February 1999).
Similarly, at an inter-ministerial meeting involving the ministries of power, environment and forests, and urban affairs and employment, it was decided to encourage the use of fly ash bricks in all construction activities. The NTPC (National Thermal Power Corporation) had thought of setting up two fly ash brick manufacturing plants at Badarpur and Dadri near Delhi; the theory being that fly ash, apart from being used as a substitute for bricks, could also be utilized for the embankment of roads.
The enormous amount of ash generated in Indian thermal power stations poses a serious threat to the environment. In principle, this problem can be tackled by using fly ash in building construction. Increased awareness and use of fly ash bricks, which is stronger (100 kg/cm2 compared to 50–75 kg/cm2 of conventional bricks) and smoother on the sides (reducing plastering costs significantly), can provide an eco-friendly solution. Fly ash bricks are better than traditional bricks in the sense also that ash bricks do not use the top fertile soil of the earth, thus protecting the land from agricultural use. Located at the south-east corner of Delhi, the BTPS (Badarpur Thermal Power Station) meets more than 25% of the energy consumption of the capital. It also produces a staggering amount of ash every day (almost 5000 tonnes). The station has, however, been making concrete efforts in ash utilization as a responsible corporate citizen. It has given a major thrust in ash utilization through the manufacture of bricks from fly ash. At present, it has seven units given to private contractors, which manufacture around 16 000 bricks every day. The BTPS had installed a pilot-cum-demonstration plant at its ash dyke way back in 1993. The station adopted the FAL-G technology for the manufacture of ash bricks, which does not require firing or autoclaving. These bricks require natural drying and hence are totally energy-efficient and environment-friendly (The Financial Express, 4 April 1999).
It was also estimated that an energy-from-waste plant, which was to be set up in Scotland, would annually convert 120 000 tonnes of the city's municipal and commercial waste into electricity. It as also to deal with small amounts of non-hazardous clinical and liquid wastes. Besides generating adequate electricity for the plant's in-house needs of around 2.2 MW, it would sell 8.3 MW to the National Grid, electricity distribution network of UK. The facility incorporated two separate systems – fuel processing and combustion.
To produce the fuel, incoming waste is fed into one of the two hammer mills, where it is shredded into coarse floc material. Each of the mills handles 30 tonnes of waste an hour, almost double the plant's throughput of 15.6 tonnes an hour. The over-capacity allows for unplanned downtime. Magnets remove ferrous materials before the floc is carried by conveyor to a fuel-storage building capable of holding enough for two days’ operation—about 800 tonnes of refuse-derived fuel (The Hindu, 21 October 1999).

Role of the scientists
Scientists have developed a technique to treat foul-smelling polluted distillery wastes, using energy from the sun and a chemical catalyst. Tests on a small laboratory-type reactor showed that the method can detoxify 100 litres of diluted distillery waste water in five days. Results of the project at the NARI (Nimbkar Agriculture Research Institute) at Phaltan in Maharashtra were submitted to the MNES (Ministry of Non-conventional Energy Sources). The scientists had applied for a patent on the chemical catalyst. The emphasis after this was to try to improve the technique so that waste treatment is over in just two days. The NARI scientists had taken cues from work on solar detoxification of ground-water and industrial wastes using titanium dioxide catalyst.
By purifying biogas produced from distillery wastes, scientists claimed to have generated huge quantities of com-pressed methane, a gas with immense potential as an alternative source of vehicle fuel. Experimenting with bulk distillery wastes from alcohol manufacturing breweries, researchers from the chemical engineering department of the Jadavpur University produced the gas by a process called biomethanation of the effluents. The process, which also cuts down on the environment pollution, has proved to be an eco-friendly energy production method (The Observer of Business and Politics 25 April 2000).

TERI shows the way
TERI—scientists has been developing new technologies to tackle the problem of waste management
TERI has developed a high-rate digester for fibrous and semi-solid municipal waste with the promise of revolutionizing the waste disposal industry. Described as TEAM (TERI Enhanced Acidification and Methanation) process, for which the patent has also been filed, the digester is said to be quick, economically viable, and suitable for food and agro-based industries and markets. In the face of evident environmental drawbacks of waste disposal methods like land-filling and incineration, the process of biomethanation of waste by anaerobic digestion has economical and social benefits apart from being environment-friendly (The Hindu, 18 March 2000).
TERI began work on the development of a high-rate digester for fibrous and semi-solid MSW in 1996. TEAM process is the culmination of these efforts. The salient features of TEAM are listed below.
Lowered retention time (7 days) and plant area for the whole process to make it economically viable as compared to conventional single phase reactors (30–40 days) or aerobic composting (3 to 6 months)
Complete elimination of engineering problems like scum formation, floating of feed leading to incomplete digestion, feed flow problem, etc.
Technology suitable for adoption by small entrepreneurs
Low water consumption because of reuse of the UASB reactor overflow to acidification reactor
Production of good quality biogas, which can be used for power generation or thermal application like cooking or production of process steam as per the needs,
The decrease in total volume of the feed stock after decomposition is more than 50%
The residue after drying is good organic manure.
Currently, a bench-scale plant for processing 50 kg of vegetable waste per day is operational at the Gual Pahari campus of TERI, at Gurgaon, and efforts are under way for upscaling.
The wastes generated by various sectors need to be assessed and evaluated for their energy potential or reuse in any other form. Biomethanation has emerged as the best option for the treatment of high organic content liquids for energy generation. The use of this technology to Indian MSW is still in its developmental stage. Once a commercially proven technology is established, it will go a long way in dealing with energy problems in the country.